Final review bio Dr. Neirth

_______ and ______ are present in equal numbers and ______ varies in numbers.

protons and electrons, neutrons

Since protons and electrons are equal, it gives the atom _____

no net charge

What are the "rings" in an atom drawing called?

electron shell

S orbital shape

sphere

P orbital shape

dumbell

How many electrons does 1s (first shell) hold?

2

How many electrons does p orbital hold

6

how many electrons does s orbital hold

2

How many does electron shells 2+ hold?

8

What distinguishes one element from another?

Number of protons

Atomic number

number of protons, also number of electrons

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

What is the most abundant elements in living organisms?

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Covalent bonds

Atoms share electrons

Octet rule

Atoms are stable when the outer shell is filled.

Exception to octet rule

Hydrogen, it only holds two electrons

Nonpolar covalent bonds

The bond between atoms with similar electronegativities

Nonpolar charge

None

Polar covalent bond

Bonds between atoms with different electronegativities

Nonpolar polarity

< 0.4

Polar polarity

0.4 - 1.8

Ionic polarity

1.8

Ionic bond

atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons

Cation

net positive charge

Anion

net negative charge

Hydrogen bond

the hydrogen atom from a polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another

Organic molecules must contain ____

carbon

How are macromolecules made

monomer + polymer

Carbohydrate monomer

Monosaccharide

Lipid monomer

triglycerides

Saturated fatty acids

Solid at room temp

Groups are distinguished by ________

Valence electrons

Periods are distinguished by _________

electron shells

Functional groups

Group of atoms with special chemical features that are functionally important

Macromolecules are created by linking ____ and _____

monomers and polymers

How is a polymer made

Two monomers combine through a dehydration reaction

Dehydration reaction

water is taken out from a molecule or ion

How is a polymer broken down?

Water is added back (hydrolysis) when a monomer is released

Hydrolysis reaction

water is added into a molecule to break it down

Carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharide

Alpha glucose

hydroxyl groups are on opposite sides

Beta glucose

hydroxyl groups are on the same sides

Defining feature of lipids

they are nonpolar/insoluble in water

Lipid monomer

glycerol and fatty acids

Protein monomer

amino acids

Variable sidechain

determines structure and function

Bond that joins amino acids together

peptide bond

What forms a peptide bond?

Carboxyl and an amino acid joined by a dehydration reaction

N-Terminus

The free amino group of a polypeptide (left side)

What is the energy storage polysaccharide in plants?

Starch

What polysaccharide is for structure?

Cellulose

Elements that make up carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Functions of carbs in cells

Structure and storage

What bond is between carbohydrates

Hydrogen

How does cellulose differ from starch

Starch has alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds and cellulose as beta 1,4 glucosidic bonds

Structure of cellulose

Unbranched

Glycogen

Storage polysaccharide

Glycogen structure

Highly branched

Starch structure

Moderately branched

Basic structure of a fat

glycerol-3 fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acid

Double bonds, liquid at room temp

Steroids

4 interconnected carbon rings that are insoluble in water

Basic structure of phospholipid

polar head and nonpolar tail, made with glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group

Main components of cellular membranes

phospholipid bilayer, proteins, carbs

Functions of transmembrane proteins

transport and signaling

Selectively permeable

Allows passage of some ions and molecules, but not others.

Membrane transport

movement of ions and molecules across biological membranes

Permeability of a plasma mebrane

selectively permeable

Passive transport

Requires no input of energy, down or with the gradient, including diffusion.

Simple diffusion

The substance moves across a membrane by passing directly through the phospholipid bilayer

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion of a polar solute through a membrane with the aid of a transport protein

Active transport

Moves a substance from an area of low concentration to high concentration with the aid of membrane protein. Requires ATP

Isotonic

Equal concentration on either side of the membrane

Hypertonic

Concentration is higher on one side of the membrane

Hypotonic

Concentration is lower on one side of the membrane

Crenation

Shrinkage of a cell in a hypertonic solution

Osmotic lysis

Swelling and bursting of a cell in a hypotonic solution

Plasmolysis

Plasma membrane that pulls away from the cell wall when water exits the cell

Exocytosis

Material inside the cell is packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium

Endocytosis

Material outside the cell is pulled into the cell

Nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

How are nucleotides held together?

Sugar phosphate backbone

When is a secondary protein turned into a beta-pleated sheet?

When it does not have a hydrogen bond/group

Channel protein

Used in Active diffusion, moves water and or small ions.

Carrier protein

Used in active diffusion, moves monomers

Permeability of charged ions

Non permeable

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane structure enclosing the nucleus

Nuclear pores

Regulate movement of substances in and out of the nucleus

What occurs in the nucleus

ribosomal assembly

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

studded with ribosomes that assemble the proteins, Proteins are packaged into membrane vesicles and sent to the Golgi apparatus.

Smooth ER

involved in metabolism and detoxification, produces lipids that can secrete into the cytoplasm, and can secrete enzymes to golgi.

Golgi apparatus

protein sorting, processing, and secretion. Packages materials into secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and excretes the contents.

Lysosomes

Contains acid hydrolases and does autophagy

acid hydrolases

Break down proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, and lipids with hydrolysis

Autophagy

recycling of worn down organelles

Central vacuole

place in plants for storage and support

Contractile vacuoles

In protists for expelling extra water

Phagocytic vacuoles

In protists and wbc for degradation and decay

How peroxisomes are created

Bud from ER and fuse with each other, then proteins and lipids are added.

Peroxisome function

Speeds up reactions relating to the breakdown of molecules. Results in a byproduct of hydrogen peroxide, then speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen