AP Human Geo Unit 7 Vocab

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

The portion of the economy concerned with the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

According to world systems theory, the most advanced industrial countries, which take the largest share of profits in the world economic system.

nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy

the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

the Gross National Income of a country divided by its total population

The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product; as opposed to an informal economy

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy

how the nation's total income is distributed among its population

the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country

A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population.

The potential for timely use of medical services to achieve the best possible health outcomes. Often limited by lack of health insurance.

a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.

The percentage of a countries people who can read and write

the inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

issues of safe sex, prevention and treatment of STIs, contraception, fertility and infertility, sexual health, pregnancy, and childbirth

A statistic that determines what percentage of an age group or gender is currently working

An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

a very small, short-term loan often associated with entrepreneurs in developing countries

A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries.

A model that describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.

theory based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop.

economic dependence on exports of agricultural and mineral raw materials

when two regions through an exchange of commodities can specifically satisfy each others demands

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

seek to eliminate trade barriers across international boundaries and promote trade

Pacts between countries that make it easier to trade goods across national boundaries

An supranational organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

International organization that regulates international trade.

Pact among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay to establish a free trade area

An economic supranational organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

A tax on imported goods

A worldwide period of economic difficulty experienced by markets and consumers.

an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

obtain (goods or a service) from an outside or foreign supplier, especially in place of an internal source.

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

the decline of manufacturing jobs in the US, the transformation of the economy by technological change, and the process of globalization

Country that has recently established an industrialized economy based on manufacturing and global trade.

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

areas where customs taxes aren't collected; common in international airports and seaports

zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

The sector of the economy that provides services--such as health care, banking, and education

Economic activities that rely on advanced scientific research and produce new, innovative and technologically advanced products, such as microchips, new medical drugs and new materials.

industries designed to stimulate growth through the establishment of various supporting industries

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

a large number of people purchasing large quantities of goods

a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way.

Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030.

location factors related to the cost of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Release of harmful materials into the environment