7: Memory 

________: A conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness.

________: As an aid to memory, using familiar words or images to link two items.

________: Ability to correctly identify previously learned information.

________ between intensity of emotion and ability to remember.

________ related to retrieval cues can make its way back into working memory.

In recall, memories are retrieved without ________, as in an essay exam.

________: A strategy for enhancing memory.

________ (in memory): Proposition that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved.

________: Proposition that the strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve.

________ (in memory): Occurs when the origins of a memory are misremembered.

Mental images: Mental pictures or ________ used in memory and thinking.

In ________, stored information helps us to understand (and therefore remember) incoming information.

________- 80 % of new memories produced through ________ are incorrect.

________: When remembering an ordered list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle items.

________ is faster when stored in long- term memory.

________: Process by which memories are reconstructed by expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories.

________ can be improved through chunking, elaborative rehearsal (or elaborative encoding), spaced practice, using mental images, whole (versus part) learning, considering the serial position effect, overlearning, and the use of mnemonics.

Storing information in ________ is helpful because its more time- efficient to retrieve information from ________ than it is to look information up.

________: The first letter of the word are used to create a sentence.

________: Part of the limbic system associated with storing memories.

________: Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain.

________ or reorganizes information into units that are already in long- term memory.

________: Use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses.

Initially, ________ was believed to have a capacity of about seven bits of information (plus or minus two), but more recent researchers have suggested the number may be as low as four.

________: The idea that people process words and metal images together better than they do words alone.

________: Retrieval of information with a minimum of external cues.

The ________ model of memory includes three types of memory (sensory memory, short- term or working memory, and long- term memory) that hold information for increasingly longer periods.

________: A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.

________: Inability to retrieve memories of events due to an injury or trauma.

________: Inability to form or retrieve memories of events that occur after an injury or trauma.

________ and inaccurate memories emerge as a result of the fact that memories are actively reconstructed each time they are retrieved from LTM.

________ (of memory): A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information.

It is organized as a(n) ________ that is organized based on meaning.

________: Any information that can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories.

________: The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse.

________: Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short- term memory.

Improved memory occurs when the ________ match.

________: Especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event.

________: Inability to retrieve memories of events that occurred before an injury or trauma.

________: A mental image or visual representation.

________: Deep processing is more likely to be encoded than that which is superficial information.

________ is characterized as the decay that occurs when memories are not retrieved often.

________ are those that are associated with our personal lives as well as factual knowledge that we have learned.

________: Failure to access (locate) memories even though they are available (stored in memory)

Methods of Measuring Memory: Recall, ________, and Relearning.

________: Give extra practice to the middle information.

For transferring information to ________, rote rehearsal is less effective than elaborative rehearsal.

________: Series of active systems that receive, store, organize, alter, and recover information.

________ can be held in STM for about a dozen seconds, though longer timeframes are possible when maintenance rehearsal is used.

The ________ states that people learn more from words and graphics together than they do from words alone.

Series of active systems that receive, store, organize, alter, and recover information

Converting information into a form to be retained in memory

Holding information into a form to be retained in memory

Recovery of stored information

Fleeting storage system for sensory impressions

A mental image or visual representation

A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard

Storage system used to hold small amounts of information in conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds

Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem-solving

Meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phases

Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together

Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory

Learning by simple repetition

Making memories more meaningful through processing that encodes links between new information and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals

Unlimited capacity storage system that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information

Any information that can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories

Process by which memories are reconstructed by expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories

A recollection that a person does not know exists and is retrieved unconsciously

Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories

A recollection that a person is aware of having or is consciously retrieved

A subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world

A subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places

Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain

Part of the limbic system associated with storing memories

Especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event

Deep processing is more likely to be encoded than that which is superficial information

Failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory

Intention does not correlate with encoding material

Does not produce encoding

The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable

Recall, Recognition, and Relearning

Retrieval of information with a minimum of external cues

When remembering an ordered list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle items

Ability to correctly identify previously learned information

Learning again something that was previously learned

Failure to access (locate) memories even though they are available (stored in memory)

Inability to retrieve memories of events due to an injury or trauma

Inability to retrieve memories of events that occurred before an injury or trauma

Inability to form or retrieve memories of events that occur after an injury or trauma

Memory influenced by ones physical state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval

The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse

The tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories

The tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

A conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness

Proposition that the strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve

Physical changes in neurons or brain activity that take place when memories are stored

Proposition that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved

A memory that can seem accurate but is not