chemistry ch 11

all matter is comprised of small constantly moving particles experiencing collisions in which energy is conserved (perfectly elastic)

property of matter arising from the empty spaces among particles

property of matter arising from the ease of movement of particles relative to each other

what can be said about the compressibility and fluidity of solids?

what can be said about the compressibility and fluidity of liquids?

what can be said about the compressibility and fluidity of gases?

PV=nRT no attractive forces point masses (no volume)

(P = n^2a/v)(V-nb)=nRT a -> dependent on magnitude of attractive forces b -> dependent on size of molecules

no simple equation bc you can't neglect/fix two things:

1. IMFs

2. particle size (relative to volume)

solid to gas

gas to solid

gas to liquid

liquid to gas

solid to liquid

liquid to solid

the equilibrium partial pressure of the vapor over the liquid (or solid) at a given temperature (ex: Pwater)

graph that shows us liquid to gas phases, where the area under the curve is the # of particles able to escape into the gas phase

temperature at which the Pvap of the liquid is equal to the pressure on the liquid surface (Patm unless the vessel is closed)

T at which Pvap = 1 atm = 760 mmHg

temperature at which the pure liquid changes to a crystalline solid

temperature at which the pure crystalline solid changes to a liquid

freezing and melting point are both virtually unaffected by ...

which type of substance is the easiest to melt/boil

which type of substance is the hardest to melt/boil

what does this graph show us

what do the horizontal lines indicate, and why does the temperature remain constant

what does the length of each line indicate

what does a sloped line represent? and what does the steepness indicate about specific heat?

related Pvap to Tk of its liquid

NOTE: slope: negative; use R= 8.31 J/mol K need to find B value for each substance ln P = (-change in Hvap/R) (1/T) + B

use the log form at two T's, T1 and T2 and subtract equations

ln (P2/P1) = change in Hvap/R (1/T1 - 1/T2)

if a problem says normal boiling point in it that means the pressure = ...

a graphic to summarize the conditions, T and P, under which different states of a substance are stable

condition where a given phase is stable

conditions where two phases exist in equilibrium

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree

conditions where all three phases exist in equilibrium

T above which the liquid does not exist regardless of the pressure (Ek has totally overcome all attractive forces)

energy required to increase the surface area of liquid by a unit amount; results from the net force toward the interior of the liquid experienced by a surface molecule

phenomenon related to the surface tension -water molecules attract to glass, bc of this attraction, a thin film of water starts to move up inside of the glass capillary, thus making a meniscus

the resistance to flow that is exhibited by all liquids and gases

high viscosity, really viscous

low viscosity

the forces of interaction between molecules (typically weakly attractive; abt 100 to 1000 times smaller than bond energies)

weak attractive forces (LDF and dipole-dipole)

weak intermolecular attractive forces resulting from the small, instantaneous, synchronized dipoles occurring due to the varying positions of the electrons of the electrons as they move about the nuclei

ldfs tend to

larger atoms are more

molecules that are more spread out tend to be more

one polar molecule's partial positive charge is attracted to the partial negative of another polar molecule

LDF is __ than DD but DD is permanent

strong IMFS yield

the attractive force between a polar molecule and a charge particle ion -the attraction must be between a partial negative and cation or partial positive and anion

a weak to moderate attractive force that exists between an H atom covalently bonded to an N, O, or F atom and an N, O, or F atom on another molecule

___ receives its strength from the partial exposure of the proton of the H nucleus when it is bonded to a highly electronegative atom

consists of atoms or molecules held together by IMFS; NM/NM

consists of positive cores of atoms held together by a "sea" of mobile electrons; M

consists of cations and anions held together by the electrical attraction of opposite charges; M/NM

consists of atoms held together in large 3D or 2D networks or chains

five covalent networks

list all the force and bond types in order from weakest to strongest

ionic solid characteristics

molecular solid characteristics

covalent solid characteristics

metallic solid characteristics

the general order of increasing strength of interactions in a solid is