Chapter 8: DNA Electrophoresis

DNA is a _______ in an aqueous environment, with the phosphate groups of DNA nucleotides carrying negative charges.

A measure of the work required to move a charged molecule in an electric field, is the force responsible for moving the charged macromolecules during electrophoresis.

The ________ of macromolecules is primarily determined by their charge-to-mass ratios and their shapes.

A physical support material used by most variants of electrophoresis.

It is a linear polymer composed of alternating residues of D-galactose and L-galactose.

A _______ forms a three-dimensional sieve with pores from 50 to 200 nm in diameter.

The _______ of double-stranded DNA through agarose gel matrices is inversely proportional to the log10 of the size of DNA fragments ranging from 50 to 20,000 base pairs.

The electrophoretic mobility of a linear DNA fragment is also _____ to the concentration of agarose in the gel.

A low concentration of agarose in a gel forms ______, allowing the separation of larger DNA fragments.

Polyacrylamide produces much _____ than agarose gels and thus has a much higher resolving power than agarose gels for low-molecular-weight DNA molecules.

A ______ is formed by the polymerization and cross-linking reactions.

Long linear chains of polyacrylamide are polymerized from acrylamide monomers.

Three-dimensionally cross-linked polyacrylamide chains can be formed with the use of cross-linking agents, such as N,N′— methylenebisacrylamide.

Electrophoresis that is performed under the conditions of single-stranded DNA is called denaturing electrophoresis.

One forensic application of agarose gel electrophoresis is restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of VNTR loci.

The forensic application of this apparatus is the separation of STR fragments and DNA sequencing reaction products of mtDNA.

It can be utilized to separate charged macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, polysaccharides, and proteins.

A thin hollow tube made of fused silica.

An injection based on the charge of molecules.

control the movement of samples and reagents in a small, geometrically constrained environment and carry out biochemical reactions and analysis.

This technology fabricates miniature structures historically used for integrated circuit fabrication in semiconductor manufacturing.

The ______ is carried out on a modular microfluidic chip format using the same basic principle of capillary electrophoresis.

The _______ contains wells for samples, a sieving polymer matrix for electrophoresis, and size standards.

The _______ contains fluorescent dye molecules that intercalate with DNA in a sample, which can be detected by laser-induced fluorescence.

An integrated system is a fully _______. It also reduces the risk of contamination from laboratory sources.

Full integration of all the constituent steps required for forensic STR DNA analysis has been achieved by a _______.

utilizes the Taqman real-time quantitative PCR technique. During amplification, multiplex PCR is accomplished using commercial STR kits.

The ________ are detected based on laser-induced fluorescence.

are fully automated platforms that are designed to process a single-source sample such as a buccal swab to generate a DNA profile and database search in less than 2h.

The _______ of a DNA molecule during electrophoresis can be calculated as the distance of band migration divided by the distance of tracking dye migration.

The ______ is the distance from the sample origin to the center of the band.

The _______ is used to generate standard curves for determining the sizes of DNA fragments.

The size of a DNA fragment is determined by an ______ that is a set of synthetic fragments with known molecular weight.

The _____ is labeled with a different colored dye so that it can be spectrally distinguished from DNA fragments of unknown size.

To determine the sizes of DNA fragments, a _______ using the internal size standards must be established based on the reciprocal relationship between the electrophoretic mobility and the sizes of DNA fragments.