Legal rules
Made by Parliament and Courts
Applied to all members of society
Enforced by courts and police
Penalty if rule is broken (fine, imprisonment)
Non - legal rules
Made by private individuals or groups in society
Applied to members of a specific group
Enforced by people that make the rules
Not enforced by courts but consequences can occur if broken
The need for laws
The central task of our legal system is to combine and delicately balance two conflicting ideas - freedom and order
The role of rules
Guidelines on what is/not acceptable behaviour
Achieves social cohesion
Protect the rights of individuals
Sets out how disputes are resolved
The role of individuals
Individuals are responsible for:
Being aware of the law
Follow/obey the law
Use the legal system to resolve their disputes
Respect human rights
Assist police
Report crime
Law reform
The process of examining existing laws, and advocating/implementing change in a legal system so it remains relevant and effective
The role of the legal system
A set of methods and institutions which makes, administers, and enforces laws.
It includes:
Parliament
Courts
Tribunals (VCAT)
Enforcement bodies (police)
Prisons
Aim of legal system
To deal fairly and justly with individuals who have broken the law or breached someone else’s rights
Laws
Establish rules which aim to achieve social cohesion and protect the rights of individuals
Individuals
Are bound by those laws, are expected to abide by them, and can act when rights are infringed
Legal System
Make and apply the law and enforce it to achieve social cohesion and protect the rights of individuals.
Social Cohesion
Having a balanced society that involves cooperation between members in order to have freedom and order.
Criminal law
Aim - to establish crimes and set down sanctions for people who commit crimes in order to protect the community
Consequences - sanctions, imprisonment, fines
Parties - the state (prosecutor/R/DPP) (burden of proof) v the accused
Police involvement: yes
Crime
An act or omission that is against an existing law, harmful to an individual or society as a whole and punishable by law.
Types of crimes
Against the person (e.g. murder)
Against the state (e.g. treason)
Against property (e.g. theft)
Morality (e.g. incest)
Against the legal system (e.g. perjury)
Civil law
Aim - to resolve disputes between individuals and seeks to enforce rights where harm has occurred
Consequences - remedy: damages, compensation
Parties - plaintiff (burden of proof) v defendant
Police involvement: no
Victorian Court Hierarchy
Ranked based on the severity and complexity of cases they hear.
High Court of Australia (Federal)
The Supreme Court of Appeal
The Supreme Court
County Court
Magistrates’ Court, Children’s Court, Coroner’s Court
Jurisdiction
The types of cases a court is permitted to hear.
The High Court of Australia
Federal court; hears appeals from the state and territory courts of appeal
High Court must grant leave (consent) to a party who wants to appeal.
Depends on the strength of the grounds (reasons) for the appeal
Reasons for a court hierarchy
Specialisation
Doctrine of precedent
Appeals
Administrative convenience
Specialisation
The courts develop expertise in dealing with the types of cases that come before them.
Appeals
Enables parties to a court case to appeal to a higher court if they are not satisfied with the decision in a lower court.
Administrative convenience
Allows for efficiency or convenience with the way that cases are heard.
Parliament
A formal assembly of representatives of the people that are elected by the people and gathers together to make laws
Supreme law-making body
Can override laws made by courts
Based of UK Westminster System
Bicameral parliament
A parliament with two houses (chambers)
MPs
Members of parliament who belong to a political party
Political parties
An organisation that represents a group of people with shared values and ideas, which aims to have its members elected to parliament.
Independents
Individuals who stand as candidates in an election but don’t belong to a political party
Federal parliament
King’s Representative - Governor General, David Hurley
Upper House - the Senate, 76 members
Lower House - the House of Representatives, 151 members
Victorian parliament
King’s Representative - Governor, Linda Dessau
Upper House - the Legislative Council, 40 members
Lower House - the Legislative Assembly, 88 members
King’s representative
Represents the crown
Role is mainly ceremonial
Approves all laws passed by parliament, royal assent
Upper House
Federal:
States have equal representation
Reviews bills passed in the lower house
Victorian:
5 members from each of the 8 divisions Vic is divided into for elections
Ensures interest of rural areas are equally represented
Lower House
Federal:
1 member per electorate that Aus is divided into for elections
Party with the majority form the federal government
Victorian:
1 member per electorate that Vic is divided into for elections
Party with the majority form the state government
Royal assent
The formal signing and approval of a bill by the King’s Representative after which the bill becomes an Act of Parliament, a law
Statute law
Laws made by parliament (statutes, acts of parliament, legislation)
Common law
Laws made by judges through decisions made in cases (case law, court law, judge made law)
Ways courts can make laws
Statutory interpretation
Novel/test cases
Statutory interpretation
Judges give meaning to words in statute to make a decision
Novel/test cases
A case that sets a precedent for other cases involving the same question of law
No legislation to guide the courts
Stages of a bill through parliament
Government decides a law is needed, they draw up a bill
Bill is introduced to first house (generally lower) and has first reading
Purpose of bill is explained and debated, second reading
Considered in detail and amendments made
Bill is voted on, third reading
Bill passes through first house
Procedure is completed again in second house
Bill passes the second house
Bill receives Royal Assent
The Act comes into operation - proclamation
The Act becomes a law
Role of parliament
Pass bills
Decide and control finances
Supervise and check the delegated legislation
Provide a place for discussion and debate
Investigate areas of concern
Parliament vs Government
Parliament:
Law making body
Includes all politicians who were elected at the last election
Government:
Party with the majority of seats in the lower house
Usually control which legislations are introduced to parliament
In charge of administrative departments which run the country/state (e.g. department of …)
Levels of law making
Federal
Defence force
Higher education
Centrelink
State
Aged care
Primary and secondary schools
Hospitals
Local
Waste management
‘Meals on wheels’
Childcare
How do we know which parliament makes laws?
Aus constitution divides the law making power between state and commonwealth parliaments by listing the areas in which the commonwealth can make laws
Types of law making power
Exclusive powers
Concurrent powers
Residual powers
Exclusive powers
Only the federal parliament can make laws in these areas
e.g. defense, immigration, currency
Concurrent powers
Shared between federal and state
e.g. taxation, roads, bankruptcy
Residual powers
Powers not listed in the constitution and left for the states
e.g. schools, crime, public transport
Precedent
When a court creates a law through a decision in a case for the first time
Ratio decidendi
The (legal) reason for a decision
Stare decisis
To stand by what has been decided
Doctrine of Precedent
The common law principle by which the reasons for the decisions of higher courts are binding on courts ranked lower in the same hierarchy in cases where the material facts are similar
Obiter dictum
A judge’s opinion expressed in court, but not essential to the decision, hence not legally binding as a precedent
Binding precedent
The legal reasoning for a decision of a higher court that must be followed by a lower court in the same court hierarchy in cases with similar material facts
Persuasive precedent
Reasoning behind a decision from a lower/equal court within the same jurisdiction, or a court from a different one, that may be deemed relevant although it is not binding
Ways to develop or avoid precedent
R - reverse
O - overrule
D - distinguish
D - disapprove
Reversing
Judge in a higher court changes the law and decision of the same case in a lower court
Overruling
Judge in a higher court changes the law from a lower court in a different case
Distinguishing
Judge finds a material difference in the facts of the case and does not have to use the law from the higher court
Disapproving
Judge in a lower court disagrees with a precedent from a higher court but must follow/apply it
Relationship between parliament and the courts
Interpretation of statutes by courts
Codification of common law
Abrogation of common law
Ability of courts to influence parliament
Codification
Changing common law that confirms a precedent into a statute (parliament)
Abrogation
Parliament cancels of abolishes a common law by passing an Act of Parliament
Courts influencing power
Courts make comments in court cases that may influence Parliament to change the law
Statutory interpretation (relationship between parliament and the courts)
Parliament creates statutes that courts then interpret
Principles of justice
Fairness
There are fair legal processes in place and all parties receive a fair hearing.
Equality
All people are treated equally before the law with an equal opportunity to present their case
Access
People have an understanding of their legal rights and ability to pursue their case