Studied by 2 peopleAutonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by
Increasing activities in effector tissue and decreasing activities in effector tissue
Which statements describe a preganglionic neuron?
has axons that exit the CNS in cranial or spinal nerve
has mostly myelinated axons
forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway
has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord
releases acetylcholine
A postganglionic neuron in the ANS
Releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell
Which neurons would normally have the shortest axons?
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Which of the following describes the sympathetic division of the ANS
Stimulates sweat glands
synapses with smooth muscle in blood vessel walls
short preganglionic neurons
Releases hormones
Place the events in order of sympathetic motor pathway
Neuron exits lumbar segment of spinal cord
Neuron releases acetylcholine
Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptor
Postganglionic neuron depolarizes
Postganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine
Acetylcholine binds to the sweat gland’s muscarinic receptor
The ____ contains sympathetic preganglionic axons and connects the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the sympathetic trunk ganglia
Gray rami communicanes
Cholinergic receptors include
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Jennifer is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green. She stops suddenly as a truck runs the red light and is only a few inches away from her front bumper. Which effect would you NOT expect to see in Jennifer’s body?
Increases secretion of digestive juices
Which nerve supplies the inferior mesenteric ganglion with preganglionic neurons?
Lumbar splanchnic nerve
Process of sensation
Stimulation of sensory receptors
Transduction of the stimulus
Generation of impulses
integration of sensory input
___ would detect irritation on the skin if you didn’t wear gloves while cleaning with bleach
Nocieptors
Which receptor fires continuously as long as a stimulation is applied?
Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (merkel disc)
Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle)
Thermoreceptor
Muscle spindles
Which receptors fire at the onset of stimulation
Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle)
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Hair root plexus
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Which statements describe proprioception
Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects
Proprioceptors are slowly adapting receptors
Proprioceptors are embedded in muscles and tendons
Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other
The postcentral gyri of the parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex
Receives primary somatic sensory information
First order neurons
Carries afferent signals from the sensory receptor to the CNS
Third Order neurons
Carry afferent signals from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
Second order neurons
Carry sensory information from the CNS to the thalamus
The descending pathway
Consists of upper and lower motor neurons
A soccer ball was hit your way. You see the area you want to kick it to at the same time you are preparing to plant your foot and kick the ball. What area allows you to compare intended movement with the actual movement?
Cerebellum
As you extend your arm, two tracts together to maintain posture and muscle tone. Muscles in your proximal limb will be excited by the ___ and inhibited by the _
medial reticulospinal tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
___ bind the odorants and begin signal transduction
Olfactory cilia
In the olfactory pathway, axons of the mitral cells form the ___. The axons project to the __
Olfactory tract
cerebral cortex and limbic system
Which papillae increase surface area but do not aid in direct gustation?
Filiform
Which of the the following nerves conducts impulses associated with the sense of gustation?
Vagus
Facial
GLossopharyngeal
After staying up all night to study, your eyes are bloodshot. The vasculature in what area is congested and dilated
Bulbar conjunctiva
Place the flow of tears in the correct area
Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal duct
Superior/inferior lacrimal canal
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Nasal cavity
___ receptors are primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions
Cones
Light enters the retina through the layer of neural retina in this order___
Ganglion cell layer
Inner synaptic layer
Bipolar cell layer
Outer synaptic layer
Photoreceptor cell layer
Information is processed through the retina in this order ___
Photoreceptor cell layer
Outer synaptic layer
Bipolar cell layer
inner synaptic layer
Ganglion cell layer
Place the events of sound transduction in order
Stereocilia of hair cells bend
Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing K+ to enter
Cations entering cause depolarization
Calcium voltage-gated channels open
Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs
Higher frequency of actions potentials in first-order neurons
Dynamic equlibrium is maintained by
Semicircular canals
Why is the optic disc known as the blind spot
There is no retinal layer so there are not cones and rods
From which of the following layer of the developing embryo do the eyes develop
Ectoderm
During embryonic development, the lens of the eye develops directly from an invagination of the lens placodes called the
Lens vesicle
The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the
Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the __ to the cochlear nuclei in the __
Cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII
Medulla oblongata
Choose the sequence of events for how gustation is conveyed from beginning to end
taste buds detect tastant on the anterior two third of the tongue
First order neuron from the facial nerve carries the impulse
The gustatory nucleus in the medulla receives information
Information travels to the limbic system and hypothalamus, and to the thalamus
Information is sent to the insula of the cerebral cortex
Conscious perception of taste
Select the correct order for the neural pathway from the inner ear to the brain
Hair cells in the spiral organ
Cochlear branch nerve fibers of cranial nerve VIII
Cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
The superior olivary nucleus in the pons
Inferior colliculus
The medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
The primary auditory cerebral cortex
Note
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