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Kidneys are ____ organs
Hemostatic
The excretory systems has
Paired kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, single urethra
Oxidative deanimation occurs in the
Liver
NH3 converts to ____, because its
Urea , too toxic
What is deamination
When a nitrogen is removed in a form of ammonia (NH3)
TRUE or FALSE: ammonia highly toxic
TRUE
In humans, the ammonia converts into
Urea
Fishes excrete NH3 as waste. This is called
Ammonotelic
Urea (NH2) is washed out as
Urine
Where does the ornithine cycle/ urea cycle occur
the urea cycle occurs in the liver
Uric acid is
Crystalline, insoluble, least toxic
The purines (adenine, guanine) coverts into
Uric acid
Uric acid accumulation in joints causes
Gout(painful)
Uricotelic animals include
Birds and reptiles
Creatine
Non-cyclic, made up of amino acids(glycine+arginine)
True or False:Creatine Phosphate is in the muscle
TRUE
When the muscles ___ , ATP is used and creatinine phosphates turns back into creatine
Contract
Degradation of creatine and creatine phosphate creates
Creatinine
List the types of nitrogenous waste in the body
Urea, creatine, Uric acid, creatinine
Creatinine is used to
Evaluate renal function and calculate glomerular filtration rate(GFR)
High creatinine may indicate
Renal disease
Creatinine is freely filtered and not _____.
Reabsorbed
Insulin(polysaccharide)is used for
GFR estimation
Non protein nitrogen’s include
Urea, creatinine, Uric acid, creatine
What is a unit of a kidney
Nephrons
What does the body filtrate
K+, H+, Cl,PO4³, SO4³, antibodies(not reabsorbed)
During filtration the blood absorbs
Na2, HCO3, Ca2
Too much calcium phosphate may lead to
Rena Calculi-kidney stones
Too much oxalates can lead to
Crystalluria
To reduce oxalates
Alkalizer is given
Renal colic
Painful, acute
The ureter is ___cm long
26 (almost a foot)
Lithotripsy
Laser or ultrasound that pulverizes( breaks) the kidney stones
Ureteral catheter drains the urine out of the kidneys so that they wont ____
Swell (cause hydronephros)
Renal failure can lead to buildup of ___ in the blood
Urea (lead to uremia)
Intravenous Pyelography
An x-ray done to to find out which kidney has failed
Dialysis is used to
Filters out the urea in the body
Ptosis in kidneys
the kidney has dropped(lead to hydronephros)
Renal aplasia, dysplasia
No kidneys or there is a problem with the kidneys
Aldosterone
Na2+ retention
Anti Diuretic hormone
H2O reabsorption
Aquaporins I and 2 are on the ___ side
Apical
Aquaporin 3 is on the ___ side
Basolateral
Diabetes insipidus
No ADH, urine is dilute
The kidneys play a role in maintaining ___pH
Blood
Collecting tubules contain
Intercalated cells
Type A Intercalated cells
Excretes H+, retains HCO3-
Type B Intercalated cells
Excrete HCO3-, retains H+
Acidosis
Too much H+ not enough bicarbonate, ketosis in diabetes mellitus type 1, ketone bodies
Alkalosis
Too much bicarbonate, retain H+
Kidneys produce ____ for RBC production
Erythropoietin (hemopoietin)
Hypoxia
Low O2 in tissues
Hypoxemia
Low O2 in blood
1.25-Di-OH-cholcalciferol (active vit. D3) is in the
Kidneys
Vitamin D3 helps with
Ca+ absorption in intestine
Gluconeogensis in the kidneys and liver coverts
Proteins into carbohydrates during starvation
The kidneys are located in the ___ region at
T12-L3
List the layers of the kidney in order (from outermost to inner)
Pararenal fat, renal fascia, Perirenal fat, Innermost fibrous capsule
The kidneys uses about ____%of cardiac output
20-25
Every __ minutes the kidneys filter the blood
4
90% of blood is filtrated in the
Cortex
True or False: Kidneys have an autonomic nerve supply with sympathetic, parasympathetic and pain fibers.
TRUE
Where is the cortex located in the kidney
The outer part
The cortex contains which parts of a nephrons
Glomerulus, Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
The medulla of the kidney contains which parts of the nephron
Collection tubule, Collection duct and loop of Henle
The order of blood supply in the kidney( arteries)
Abdominal aorta, renal artery, segmental artery,interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, peritubular, plexus, vasa recta
The order of blood supply in the kidney( arteries)
Cortical. Radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium
The kidney contains _million nephrons
1
True or False? The efferent arteriole is wider than the afferent arteriole.
FALSE. The efferent arteriole is more narrow
The nephron loop contains (in order)
Bowman’s capsule Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of lOH, Loop of Henle, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule collecting ducts
The descending limp of LOH is permeable to
H2O
The ascending limb of LOH is permeable to
Na2+
The peritubluar plexus contains the
Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule and the collecting tubule
_% of nephrons are Cortical nephrons
85
_% of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons
15
Characteristics of Cortical Nephrons
Normally used, Short hoop of Henle, produces urine 4x more concentrated than plasma
characteristics of juxamedullary nephrons
used in stressful s , long loop of Henle, urine is 8-12x more concentrated than plasma, for water conservation
Proximal convoluted tubules contains ___cells and ___(brush border enzyme)
Cubodial: microrvilli (reabsorption of substances)
Distal convoluted tubule contains cuboidal cells but have NO _____ (secretory not absorptive)
microvilli
What is the thick segment of the loop of Henle
Ascending limb
Ascending limb is ____permeable
Sodium
DCT contains what kind of cells
Intercalated cells A&B and principal cells
Principal cells reabsorb
Sodium under the aldosterone effect
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macular densa, juxtaglomerular/Granular cells: secrete renin
Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor for maintaining
GFR
How many nephrons do we have
1 million
How long is a nephron
3.5cm
The afferent makes the ____ bed
Capillary
The efferent comes out and makes the
Peritubular plexus
The descending limb is permeable to
Water
The ascending limb is permeable to
Sodium
Most reasborbed subsyances will be in the
Peritubular plexus(PCT,DCT,CT)
Where is the loop of Henle, collecting ducts and collecting tubules located in the kidney
Medulla
Interstium tissue(in between the organ) has an ____ gradient
Osmotic
Macula densa are cells of
DCT
Macula densa detects concentration of
Glomerular filtrate
If filtrate has high concentration NaCl then macula densa secretes
Adenosine
Adenosine causes the smooth muscles of afferent arterioles to contract which causes
Vasoconstriction, and GFR to fall
If the glomerular filtrate is too dilute in NaCl
Macula densa cells secrete prostaglandin
Prostaglandin causes vasodilation of afferent arteriole which causes the GFR to
Increase
Note
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