AP Euro U7 Review

• italian nationalist movement led by Camilo di Cavoir

• PM of Piedmont-Sardinia

• wanted initially to unite N. and Cen. Italy

  • modernized P-S

  • forms secret alliance w/farnce and Nap. III

• created econ. profits and unity

• poverty and unemp. = DOWN

• cities and factories = UP

• Prussia is interested in unification b/c their influence is down

• Reichstag making it diff to do anything

• begins as prussian nationalist and suspicious of modern ideas

• flexible opportunist (real politik)

• GOALS: build up prussia’s strength and influence in Europe

• use german nationalism to remove austria from German affairs and take the lead in unification under prussia

• Bismarck knew the army needed to be beefed up

  • liberals protest, but bismarck says its necessary

• stirs up german nationalism and boosts prussian morale

• Bismarck gets the austrians to get w/Prussia in joint administration (building tensions)

• Bismarck wants a quick, localized defeat

  • Prussia wins shortly

  • RESULT: all german states NORTH of Mayan River = consolidated in the Northern German Confederation under wilhelm I as pres.

  • allow UNIV MALE SUFFRAGE

• Bismarck realizes he needs to beat france to get S. Ger. states

• prussians crush france w/fairly short war

  • Treaty of Frankfurt

    • southern german states agreed to join the new German empire

1. Westernizers - want russia to adopt Western ways

2. slaviphiles - russia has its own special desitny as the leading Slavic power

   1. RESULT OF 2 Conflicts = tension within the russian govt

• liberalish fan of reform to a DEGREE

• knows serfdom must go and that russia is poor and needs industrializing

• educated indiv. w/ideas that criticized the gov’t and debated in russia

• over-exaggerated sense of self

• believed intellectuals should have a large role in soxiety and exag. the impact groups like them had

• Alexander II comes to power during this war

• huge wake up call for the gov’t and military

  • suffered huge defeats

    • russia gov’t sees the need to westernize for the sake of military power

• wanted to abolish serfdom w/o creating a class of landless peasants

  • result: est. a plan w/the Boyars (1/2 land on estates = purchased by newly freed serfs)

    • peasants can’t afford

• way of life for peasants doesn’t change that much but serfdom is gone

• alexander est. local gov’t units w/diff districts being overseen by councils (Zemstvos)

  • elected by townspeopel and dealt w/local issues

• independent judicial system and created official set of courts; est. due process provisions but intelligencia = unsatisfied

• russia b/c it is not industrialized

• derivation of socialism

• alexander Herzen - leading proponent that believed revolution would come from Rus. Peasantry

• brutal repression of all reformers/liberals in russia, but existing reforms are maintained

• the forcible assimilation of non-russians

• spearheaded by the church

• Ct. Sergei Witte (knew russia needed to modernize)

  • gov’t built large amt of railroads

  • protective tariffs and put russia on gold standard

  • western investment

    • working class conditions = atrocious

• japan = on the rise as a power in East asia that was westernizing

  • japanese destroy the russians

• b/c of industrialization/modernization in Russia, intelligencia wanted a say (a constitutional monarchy)

• workers (societs) - want workers councils; marxist; organized illegally

• army is fighting the Japanese, so there’s no battle initially until Bloody Sunday

• workers march to Czar’s winter palace and are killed by troops

• result: Czar grants October Manifest

• nation state

• mass politics (getting more ppl. involved; univ male suffrage; women want vote)

• growing mass loyalty to the nation (pol. parties compete for the votes of ordinary ppl)

  • gov’ts seem more worthy of respect, but politicians can now utilize this to distract from domestic problems

• bismarck going after the Catholic Church b/c they made concerning declarations against him

• largely a failure → 1878 bismarck gives up

  • Result: bismarck + church work together and enact high tariffs

• 1st comprehensive social welfare program

• 1st social security laws

• nat’l sickness and accident insurance laws

• system of retirement benefits

ENACTED TO STEAL SOCIALISTS’ THUNDER

• William II becomes Kaiser and fires Bismarck

  • Result: Bismarck’s complex BOP system falls apart

• working classes in Paris want to rule Paris w/o the rule of the Third Rep after the Franco-Prussian War

  • nat’l assembly + prussia help to crush the Paris Commune

    • Result: national unity = UP

• multiparty system

  • no one party can win

    • Result: must form coalitions btwn parties

• boulangere crisis (boulangere tries to stage a coup)

• panama sandal (corruption and bribery at the canal construction attempt in panama)

• DREYFUS AFFAIR (first jewish man appointed to aid French Gen Staff

  • convicted of treason and monarchists, church, and anti-semetics use against france

• re-appointment and broadening of suffrage (all mid. class + the upper working class)

• great britain

• univ adult male suffrage in GB

• The Ballot Act of 1872 (secret ballot)

• The Civil Services Reform Act (competitive exams for gov’t jobs)

• The Education Act (public schools)

• The Land Act (tried to help ireland but failed)

• The University Act (no more religious tests for education)

• strips house of lords of their power in GB b/c they tried to reassert themselves and block reforms

• David Lloyd George’s proposal for lots of social welfare laws

  • raised taxes on the rich to pay

  • makes a deal w/Irish nationalists in the House of Commons if they support the ppl’s budge

• term for the new Austria-Hungary after Prussia defeats austria in war and Hungarians rise up

• Hungary gets indep. (virtually) and the Magyars can deal w/other ethnic groups

• est. legal equality btwn german language and local languages

  • Result: ethnic germans backlash + anti-semitism

• loose association of socialist parties

• psychologically unifying

• met every 3 yrs to discuss Marx’s doctrine

• what more parties in euro were shifting towards

• combine militant rhetoric w/moderate action

• b/c of growth of unions and revisionist marxism

• workers were less inclined to follow radical programs

  • wanted tangible benefits

  • there was not a united pol./soc. group

  • living conditions had improved

  • purchasing power was UP

  • growth of labor unions

• avoided radicalism and strikes

• only involved skilled workers

• focused on increasing wages, decreasing hours, and increasing working conditions

  • more practical approach

• response to the moderate-trend

• socialists adopted tactics and combined w/other groups to make gradual evolutionary gains through legislation and collective bargaining

• change in the imperialistic behavior in euro. countries from 1880-1914

• characterized by the founding of vast political empires and est. colonies

• colonies = new emphasis

• economic

  • need new markets and raw materials

  • needed place to invest

    • short run: colones = NOT profitable

• political/diplomatic

  • strategic points

  • nationalism - colonies = essential to great nations

  • social darwinism - racist competitions

• social tensions/conflicts in Euro

  • conservative powers say colonial issues = divert attention from dom. issues

• coined by Kipling

  • it is the white man’s duty to save the non-white ppl of the world and civilize them

1. increased tensions btwn european states

2. wars w/non-europeans (esp. in africa and asia)

• GB conquered dutch settlers in south africa

• est. that euro. claims in africa had to rest on effective occupation

  • made belgium ruler of neutral congo free-state

  • agreed to end slavery

  • coincides w/germany’s emergence as an imperial power

    • result: german imperial holdings are scattered

• says imperialism = a result of unregulated capitalism and thus only paid off for by specific groups and not the euro. country as a whole

  • said it took attention away from domestic needs

• portrayed the selfishness and hypocracy of Euro enslaving and conquering other/african ppls

• “what will happen to the eastern region as the ottoman empire falls?”

  • russia and aus-hun want most

    • could lead to conflict

    • Result: series of balkan crises (starting 1870s)

• russia = the protector of all slavic ppls

• russia forces ottoman empire to agree and if implemented, the russians would = dom. power in the balkans

• bismarck intervenes w/congress of berlin

• stops the san-stefano treaty

  • romania, montenego, serbia = independent

  • bulgaria → autonomy wihtin Ott. empire

  • Aus-hun acquires bosnia herzegovina

  • russia = greatest loser and blames bismarck

• GB, france, russia VS germany, aus hun, and italy

• b/c of the dropping of the pilot and the disrupted BOP

• euro. powers see force as a desirable method of problem solving

• arms race w/navies btwn GB and Germany

• conflict over colonies in asia and africa

• moroccan crisis - William II of germany says he will back moroccan independence even though tech. mor. = part of ottoman empire w/french sphere of influence

• agadir crisis - series of outbreaks in morocco that lead france to send troops

• especially in the balkans

  • bosnia herz. has a large serbian population that want to join serbia and leave aus-hun

• bosnian serbs that wanted to join serbia engage in terror campaign against aus hun in bosnia

  • franz ferdinand is killed by terrorist group w/connections to serbian gov’t

  • aus-hun gives serbia ultimatum

    • aus hun declares war on serbia

• germany’s plan for a 2-front war

  • with war on east starting, germany goes and attacks neutral belgium

• russia, france, gb

• aus-hun, germany, and ottoman empire (initially)

• the french fight back against the germans and war on the western front bogs down in to trench warfare and stalemate

• while western front = stalemate, the eastern front never bogs down and has many new entries

• economy in shambles b/c of war

• countries adopt total war policy (have to enter emergency economic mode)

• skilled workers are exempt from the draft

• unions get increased prestige and co-op with the gov’t for both sides

• unemployment goes down and wages go up

• women entered the workforce or shifted to war related jobs

• changed perspectives on women’s capabilities

• women get equal pay DURING THE WAR

• violent street demonstrations broke out in Petrograd

• Czar is down w/army, but army turns to the ppl

• duma returns to declare a provisional gov’t

• critical mistake: failed to take russia out of the war

• council of workers and soldiers’ deputies modeled on the societ councils from 1905

• made up of workers, educated, socialists, and soldiers

• saw itself as a product of revolutionary democracy

• petrigrad soviet stripped officers of their authority in the army and placed power in the hands of elected committees of ordinary soldiers

  • result: complete collapse of dsicipline in the army

• 1890s - marxism becomes relevant in russia

• younger revolutionaries begin to shift to marxism (such as lenin, trotsky, and stalin)

  • form the social democrats group

    • believe that revolution will be international in origin and begin in Western Eur. b/c the russians must fully adopt capitalism first

• dominated by lenin

• strong authority at the top with sole authority

  • any co-operation w/other liberal/radical groups is only temporary

  • revolution will not start as an uprising of the MASSES, but will instead be brought on by a small group of PROFESSIONAL revolutionaries

• dominated by spontaneous mass uprising of the workers

1. only a violent revolution will overthrow capitalism

2. a communist revolution was possible in highly agricultural countries

3. possibility of a revolution determined by human leadership

   1. called for a highly disciplined workers’ party controlled by a small elite group of intellectuals

• initiated by lenin’s right hand man → trotsky

  • propogandized and said there were counter-rev. plots so the petregard soviet insititute him as the leader of a special military rev. committee

    • result: soviet military power = in bolshevik’s hands

1. democracy had dissolved into anarchy by 1917

2. lenin and trotsky = completely ruthless; determined; effective leadership

3. bolshevik policies appeal to regular russians (peace, land, and bread)

• russia gives up 1/3 of population to germany by losing ukraine, latvia, lithuania, estonia, E. poland, and finland

  • result: russia = out of war and Lenin can pursue absolute bolshevik power

• two sides = the whites (non bolsheviks) and the reds (bolsheviks)

• the whites’ problem: no unity b/c the whites = united by hatred for the reds and nothing else

• comes to end in early 1920s - 1-party dictatorship being established

• bolshevik control of the economy to mobilize the econ. for civil war

• lenin est. a secret police organization to execute anyone not in support of the bolsheviks

• moderate socialists in the German parliament declare a republic after the Kaiser abdicated in 1918

• initially a war abt national interests, but had shifted to be abt idealistic principles

• tried to shift discussion of war aims to the higher level w/wilson’s 14 points

  • believed his deals justified the war

  • proposals = open diplomacy, arms reduction, and the self determination of people

  • general association of nations that would guarantee pol. indep. to all states (The league of nations)

• had promised GB that he would get back at germany if he won but wasn’t passionate about it

• wants germany to pay, but not nearly as much as france

• wants a moderate peace and to avoid another war

  • british PUBLIC want a harsh peace

• wants security for france against germany

• wants a rhineland buffer state

• wants reparations from germany

  • HUGE requests in reparations

• NOTE: Not a negotiated treaty w/germany; imposed onto them

• main provisions of the treaty

  • germany’s military is reduced

  • germany is blamed for the war w/ the War Guilt Clause

    • reparations set at $33 bill. USD

  • rhineland is demilitarized but stays ger. territory

  • aus-hun dismantled

  • new nations are created (eastern)

  • leadue of nations’ mandates established

1. weimar republic doesn’t have the widespread support of the german public

2. USA - senate doesn’t approve of wilson’s compromises

   1. Wilson emphasizes the league of nations but doesn’t join b/c senate doesn’t approve