DNA/Genetics

Hershey and Chase

Watson and Crick

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

For RNA, replace Thymine with Uracil

Provides genetic code for a trait

In semiconservative replication, the original two strands of the double helix serve as templates for new strands of DNA. When replication is complete, two double-stranded DNA molecules will be present. Each will consist of one original template strand and one newly synthesized strand that is complementary to the template.

DNA Helicase, DNA Primase, DNA Polymerase, and DNA Ligase

"Unzips" the DNA
--Breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides

"Highlighter"
--Highlights an area of where the new half should be built on

--"Builder"
--an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA
--builds in a 5' to 3' direction ALWAYS
--proofreads

"The glue"
--Fills gaps left in the lagging strand
--Fills with OKAZAKI fragments

The strand where replication moves towards the replication (follows helicase)

The strand where DNA replication moves away from the replication (away from helicase)

Keeps the DNA from winding together too much

5' is the end of DNA with a phosphate, and 3' is the end with a deoxyribose sugar

process of writing a copy of a DNA template into mRNA

an enzyme that binds to DNA during transcription and separates or unwinds the DNA strands.

Initiation, Elongation, and termination

RNA polymerase binds to promoter

binding site for RNA polymerase

Codes along the new strand

Signals that the build is done and mRNA is made which goes to the Ribosome and its made into a protien

The transition of DNA from a nucleus to mRNA and going to the ribosome

brings an amino acid from the cytoplasm

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

A chart of codon sequences that tells you what amino acid a codon sequence on the mRNA codes for.

Change in DNA sequence
- have diff consequences relating to the phenotype of the animal

deletion, insertion, substitution, chromosomal mutations, and non disjunction

Replacement of a single nucleotide by another nucleotide

a frameshift mutation, moves all nucleotides from the right of the new nucleotide

frameshift mutation, one nucleotide is taken away from a gene or DNA sequence

changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis

When an egg or sperm cell has to many or to less amounts of chromosomes

the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

a group of genes that operate together

--A collection of genes that are important in coding for enzymes that metabolize lactose.
--If code is being used than it created a enzyme, if not than it doesn't create an enzyme
--if lactose is not present, it doesnt create an enzyme
--saves energy if no enzyme is made

Exons and Introns

An expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

non-coding region of DNA, helps prevent mistakes