Tags & Description
x-axis
independent variable
y-axis
dependent variable
Purpose of Control Group
to have a standard for comparison
Constant
things that don't change (kept the same)
independent variable
a variable that is being changed
dependent variable
variable being measured
Hypothesis
testable statement, may be supported or refuted written as an "if-then" statement
Qualitative Data
categorical data ex. (warm, blue, cold)
Quantitative Data
direct measurements, numerical data ex. (temp. time)
Inorganic Molecules
building blocks of organic compounds
Organic Molecules
make up living organisms
contain carbon
Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
when water is removed during the formation of a polymer (taking out H2O and making a protein)
What group is in orange?
Amine Group
What group is in purple?
Carboxylic Acid
What is the "R"?
Radical
What 2 groups are identical in every amino acid?
Amine group and carboxylic acid group
What is a radical? Why is it important?
Radicals determine which amino acid is formed They're the one part in an amino acid that's different
What two products are produced during the formation of a peptide bond?
Protein and water
Polypeptide
chain of amino acids
Between which two parts of the amino acids are peptide bonds formed?
Between amine group and carboxylic acid group
Carboxylic Acid
COOH carbon, oxygen, oxygen, hydrogen
Amine Group
NH2
Molecule
consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Single Bond
a sharing of one pair of valence electrons (single covalent bond)
Double Bond
the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons (Double Covalent Bond)
Miller-Urey Experiment
simulated early conditions thought to be on Earth
4 Macromolecules
carbohydrate protein lipid nucleic acids
Nucleic Acid
(DNA & RNA) made up of chains of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base)
Proteins
made up of chains of amino acids
Lipid
fatty acid chain found in cell membrane of all living things
Carbohydrates
chains of sugar molecules used as primary energy source for cells
Polymerization
bonding smaller molecules together to make bigger molecules
What had to be present for life to form?
Simple, organic molecules such as amino acids
complex organic molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids
Current Theory About Origin of First Life Forms
chemical evolution
polymerization
microsphere formation
protocell and prokaryote formation
Chemical Evolution
building organic molecules from inorganic molecules
Microspheres
long chains of complex organic molecules eventually formed a circle around a water droplet
Protocells and Prokaryotes
small chains of nucleic acids became trapped in the sphere creating a protocell this eventually developed into a prokaryote
Characteristics of 1st life
single celled
prokaryotic
chemotrophic (fed of chemicals)
anaerobic
Characteristics of Life
made of cells
reproduce
obtain and use energy
maintain homeostasis
pass on traits
respond to environment
grow and develop
Spontaneous Generation
idea that life could come from nonliving things
Biogenisis
living things only come from other livings things
Eyepiece
10x magnification
Endosymbiotic theory
how eukaryote cells could have evolved from prokaryote cells
Prokaryotes
no nucleus no membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes
nucleus membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have these in common
cell membrane cytoplasm ribosomes genetic material
Mutualism
a symbiosis where both organisms benefit
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory
Mitochondria and Chloroplast have their own DNA
size of mitochondria and chloroplast tend to be same size as bacteria
when mitochondria and chloroplast divide, they divide similarly to how bacteria divides
Leeweunhoek
made his own microscope and discovered bacteria
Hooke
first to call cells cells saw cells in a cork
Shleiden
All plants are made of cells
Schwann
all animals are made of cells
Virchow
All cells come from other cells
Scientific Name
genus - species
Heterotroph
cannot produce its own food
Autotroph
produces its own food
Nucleus
aids in production of ribosomes stores DNA
Vacuole
storage area of cell and breaks down cell waste can take upto 90% of a cell's volume (in plant cells)
Lysosomes
filled with enzymes that digest substances
Cell Membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended contains enzymes that catalyze many reactions
Vesicles
carries proteins and lipids from golgi apparatus to other cell compartments or from outside the cell membrane into the cell
Cytoskeleton
moves structures within cell helps divide during mitosis maintains shape acts as tracks for vesicles to move along
Mitochondria
produces ATP
Free Ribosomes
produce proteins
Golgi Apparatus
modifies and sorts proteins and lipids that have been synthesized in the cell
Endoplasmic Recticulum
involved in production of lipids and proteins that will either becomes part of the cell membrane or be released from the cell
Cell Wall
provides support and protection outside the cell membrane
Chloroplast
during photosynthesis it uses the sun's energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars and oxygen
Nucleolus
makes ribosomes
Not in common between animal and plant cells
plant - cell wall, chloroplast, one large vacuole Animal - lysosomes, many small vacuoles
Modern Cell Theory
cell is the smallest living unit in all living organisms
all living things area made up of cells
all cells come from preexisting cells
What does the cell membrane do?
protects and supports the cell
helps maintain homeostasis
regulates amount of vital substances in the cell
Polar Heads
hydrophilic (water loving), unequal sharing of electrons among atoms
Nonpolar Tails
hydrophobic (water fearing), equal sharing of electrons amount atoms
Simple Diffusion
does not require transport protein moves with concentration gradient (high-low)
Facilitated Diffusion
requires transport protein moves with concentration gradient
Selectively Permeable
allows some things to enter
Purpose of Proteins in Membrane
transport molecules across membrane communicate with other cells cell-to-cell recognition enzymes
Passive Transport
movement of molecules with concentration gradient requires no energy
Diffusion
movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Solute
dissolved substance
Solvent
dissolving substance
Hypertonic
higher concentration of solute outside the cell water leaves cell (cells will shrivel up)
Hypotonic
lower conc of solute outside cell water moves into cell (animal cell will lyse (burst)) (normal for plants (turgid))
Isotonic
equal conc of solutes (normal for animal cells) (plant cell wilts (flaccid))
Active Transport
low conc -> high conc requires ATP
Bulk Transport
(endocystosis) when cells ingest large particles, membrane folds inward and pinches off, material is enclosed in a vesicle, transported to lysosome for digestion (exocytosis) vesicles fuse with membrane, releasing contents
Pinocytosis
solutes or fluids (endocytosis) ("drinking")
Phagocytosis
large particles, cells (endocytosis) ("eating")
Enzymes
catalyze chemical reactions that synthesize large biological molecules
Denature
lose their shape can't catalyze
Reactant
substance changed by reaction
Product
substance made by reaction
Bond Energy
amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms
Chemosynthesis
deep in ocean in hydrothermal vents produce food use iron and other chemicals
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate
Photosynthesis reactants
sun energy, CO2, H2O