Studied by 1 personthree things animals contribute to us
resources, food, companionship, science, research, jobs, medicine, co-products, energy (biogasses), therapy
iowa has ___% of the world’s best soil
25
corn is…
energy
soybeans are…
protein
why is iowa such a good place for monogastrics
great climate, packing plants, interstate crossroads for feed and animals
feed is ____% of the cost of raising all animals
70-90
why has the amount of animals used in researched declined?
replacement reduction refinement
has the amount of animals used for research increased or decreased?
decreased
___% of americans are directly involved in food production
1.7
____% of people in underdeveloped countries are directly involved in food production
40
T/F: animals help with basic human needs
true
animals fall under which levels of maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
all of them
what happened to many “pandemic pets” after their owners went back to work
they went back to the shelters
ag technology = ?
level of development
development does NOT = ?
food security
most food secure people spend ___% of their income on food
10
___% of the U.S food supply goes to waste each year
40
most food insecure households are what type?
single mother
lipids provide ___ times the amount of energy as carbs
2.25
example of concentrate feeds
corn and soybeans
swine manure can only cover ___% of the CORN crop
30
solid manure is…
spread on top of the soil
liquid manure is…
injecting into the soil
nutrients we want put back into the soil
nitrogen and phosphorus
examples of forages
alfalfa and corn silage
what are concentrates fed to?
monogastrics
what are forages fed to?
ruminants
why can ruminants consume forages but monogastrics can’t?
ruminants are able to break down cell walls and create their own protein out of carbon rings
corn plant that is high in moisture, cut in august while it is still green then is dried, fermented, and fed wet
corn silage
what are the main duties of a monogastric stomach
mixing food and digestion
what are the main duties of the small intestine of a monogastric
digestion and absorption
mucus-filled pouch where seeds are softened before entering the digestive tract
crop in chicken
true stomach of poultry
proventriculus
gizzard, grinding stomach
ventriculus in chicken
chicken excretion
cloaca
a horse’s stomach is ____ compared to its body size
small
where the digestion and absorption take place in equine
cecum
50% of the digestive tract of equine is the ___?
large intestine
allergic laminitis in equine cause by the over consumption of carbs
founder
and upset stomach in equine
colic
how many segments does a ruminant’s stomach have?
4
fermentation chamber of ruminants
rumen
order of stomach chambers in ruminants
reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
how many pounds of feed does it take for a ruminant to complete one pound of gain
6-10
are ruminants feed efficient?
no
where do ruminants form their cud?
reticulum
main duties of the reticulum
initiator, microbial digestion
largest part of a ruminant’s stomach
rumen
true stomach of ruminants
abomasum
unwanted metal in the digestive tract of ruminants, the possibility of popping the rumen, can be prevented with a small magnet inserted in the stomach
hardware disease
burping
eructation
mechanism in suckling babies, flap covers rumen and reticulum, takes milk straight to the abomasum to prevent fermentation of milk
ruminoreticular groove
cattle populations are …
declining
how are cattle producers doing more with less?
improving genetics, nutrition, management, and health
average head of cattle per herd
40
gestation length of cattle
9 months or 283 days
cow/calf operate on which type of diet
forage
weaning age of cattle
6-7 months
post-weaned calf : “teenage years”
stocker calf
last step before market
feedlot
fat lays down in this order
around organs, between muscles, under skin, marbling
reproductive cattle system
seedstock
___% of herds use bulls instead of AI
90
how long is a bull kept with a group of cows?
90 days
how many cows can one bull cover?
30
what does marbling provide
tenderness, juiciness, and flavor
creep feeding
giving pre-formed proteins to stocker calves to help them get a head start
reticulum lining
honeycomb pattern
rumen lining
papillae
omasum lining
muscular folds
abomasum lining
mucus
diet of cattle in feedlot
high protein concentrate and silage
average daily gain (ADG) of cattle in feedlot
3 lbs
how long are cattle kept and fed in the feedlot
150 days
what is the feed efficiency ratio of cattle in the feedlot stage
6 lbs of feed for 1 lbs of gain
how much to cattle weigh when they enter the feedlot
550-900 lbs
how much do cattle gain when they exit the feedlot
1000-1350 lbs
what percentage of producers use growth promotants in their feedlot cattle
80%
why would a producer want to use a growth promotant hormone in their feedlot
improve feed efficiency
amount of bone, muscle, and fat is left for harvesting
dressing percentage
dressing percentage of cattle
63-65%
type of barns becoming more popular within beef productions in iowa
monoslope
Note
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