Chemistry of life

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When both variables are numerical but not showing change over time on the x-axis

A variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure

Something that depends on the independent variable to be changed.

The constants for an experiment is something that stays the same. 

Control groups stay the same while experimental groups are for the ones that we don’t know what will happen to it.

CHNOPS is short for Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. they make up who we are and everything around us

Atoms building blocks of matter that can join together to form molecules

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA), Lipids (Fats)

Macromolecules: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA), Lipids (Fats), Water

Macromolecules: Proteins, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Macromolecules: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA), Lipids (Fats), Water

Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA), Cell Membranes, Bone, ATP (Energy Molecule)

Macromolecules: Proteins

because the oxygen is slightly negative and the hydrogens are slightly positive.

Oil and water do not mix because they have different polarities. Oil is nonpolar, while water is polar. The polar water molecules are attracted to each other and form hydrogen bonds, while the nonpolar oil molecules are not attracted to water molecules. This difference in polarity prevents them from mixing and causes them to separate into distinct layers.

Raindrops: Water droplets falling from the sky stick together due to cohesion, forming raindrops.

Dew on Grass: Tiny water droplets that form on grass in the morning are held together by cohesion.

Water on a Window: When you see water sticking to a window after rain, it's an example of adhesion to the glass surface.

Drinking Straw: When you use a straw to drink, liquid rises inside it because of adhesion between the liquid and the straw's inner surface.

hydrogen bonding is the attraction between a positive hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the negative oxygen atom on another. Basically, the h from the water molecule connects to the O of the water molecule

Hydrogen bonding causes water molecules to pull towards one another; this is called cohesion. 

Hydrogen bonding allows for adhesion by creating attractive forces between the hydrogen atoms in water molecules and other polar molecules or surfaces, leading to the sticking together of different substances.

lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and proteins

Monomer: Monosaccharide (e.g., glucose)

Monomer: Amino acid (e.g., Alanine.

Arginine.

Asparagine.

Aspartic Acid.

Cysteine.

Glutamic acid.

Glutamine.

Glycine)

Monomer: Nucleotide (e.g., thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine)

Carbohydrates serve as the primary source of energy for the body, providing quick and easily accessible fuel, while also playing a structural role in cell walls and tissues.

 Proteins function as versatile molecules involved in various biological processes, acting as enzymes for chemical reactions, providing structural support, facilitating communication between cells, and serving as transporters or antibodies.

 Lipids serve as energy reservoirs, insulate and cushion organs, form the structural basis of cell membranes, and act as signaling molecules in cellular processes.

Nucleic acids, specifically DNA, store and transmit genetic information, guiding the synthesis of proteins and ensuring the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next.

Catabolic processes involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy that can be used by the cell for various functions.

Anabolic processes, in contrast, entail the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, consuming energy in the process to build essential structures and molecules for cellular activities.

Catabolic releases energy while anabolic requires energy.

The body uses macromolecules through anabolic and catabolic processes. Anabolic processes involve building larger molecules from smaller ones, such as using amino acids to build proteins. Catabolic processes involve breaking down macromolecules into smaller units to release energy, such as breaking down carbohydrates into glucose for energy production.

adenine molecule, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups. 

 used by all cells to perform their daily functions.

ATP is created, energy is lost for cell functions (as well as 1 phosphate gamma), then it turns into ADP, then energy from the breakdown of molecules is added, then a phosphate is added, and it turns back into ATP.

Reactants: Glucose and oxygen

Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)

Location in Cell: Mitochondria

Organisms: Aerobic organisms, like humans and most animals

ATP Produced: Efficient, yields around 36-38 ATP molecules

Oxygen Requirement: Requires oxygen for the process

Reactants: Glucose

Products: Varies (lactic acid in animals, ethanol in plants/fungi), and less energy than aerobic respiration

Organisms: Typically anaerobic organisms, like some bacteria and yeast

ATP Produced: Less efficient, yields around 2 ATP molecules

Types: Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

Oxygen Requirement: Does not require oxygen

allows for carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere

6CO2+light energy+6H2O→6O2+C6H12O6

Chloroplast

Carbon dioxide sunlight and water are reactants and products are oxygen and glucose

Chlorophyll

they are flipped equations meaning that ones reactants are another's products, they are needed for living organisms to obtain energy, they use the same ingredients, and much more

takes in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere