Chapter 18: Practical Applications of Immunology

________, called attenuation can lead to the production of live attenuated vaccines.

________, often simply called immunoblotting, can identify a specific protein in a mixture (such as proteins extracted from a blood sample)

________ gives us many other invaluable diagnostic tools, most of which are based on interactions of humoral antibodies with antigens.

Inactivated killed vaccines use ________ that have been killed, usually by formalin or phenol, after being grown in the laboratory.

________ is the probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is a true positive.

A vaccine is a(n) ________ or fractions of organisms used to induce immunity.

________ is the probability that a test will not be reactive if a specimen is a true negative.

The FACS is a modification of a(n) ________, in which a suspension of cells leaves a nozzle as droplets containing no more than one cell per drop.

________ (FA) tests are used to detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum following exposure to a microorganism.

________ contain inactivated toxins produced by a pathogen.

________ (FA) techniques can identify microorganisms in clinical specimens and can detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum.

If a high percentage of the population is immune, a phenomenon called herd immunity, outbreaks are limited to sporadic cases because there are not enough susceptible individuals to support the ________.

The procedure is used in research to separate proteins in ________ and is the basis of certain diagnostic tests.

A(n) ________ prevents the targeted disease from ever occurring, thereby ceasing suffering before it ever begins.

understanding the most effective antigens that will cause an immune response, fully understanding the life cycle of stages of microorganism, finding effective animal models to test efficacy, and funding and coordinated research on a particular vaccine