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Nitrification
________ is the process of converting ammonium to nitrate, which is done by nitrifying soil bacteria.
Denitrification
________ is the process of converting nitrate to nitrogen gas, which is done by denitrifying bacteria.
Earthworms
________ and some beetles, termites, and maggots are soil detritus feeders.
Terrestrial Ecosystems
________ are also called biomes and are defined by temperature and rainfall.
Photoautotrophs
________ are photosynthetic organisms that produce most of the organic nutrients for the biosphere.
Extinction
________ occurs when environmental change is too rapid for suitable adaptations to evolve.
Decomposers
________ convert organic nutrients back into inorganic chemicals and release them to the soil or atmosphere, completing the chemical cycle in an ecosystem.
Marine
________ ecosystems cover 70 % of the Earth's surface, and the richest ones are near the coasts.
Population Growth
Lemming ________ is affected by the availability of phosphates and calcium in the tundra.
Coral Reefs
________ are located offshore, and estuaries occur where rivers meet the sea.
Heterotrophs
________ also interact with the physical environment to acquire food.
Omnivores
________ are animals that eat both plants and animals.
Clarks Nutcrackers
________ and grizzly bears are critical seed dispersers for whitebark pine trees.
Asian Carp
________ have significantly decreased the populations of many native species of fish in the Mississippi River system.
Heterotrophs Consume
________ preformed organic nutrients and release CO2 into the atmosphere.
Ecological Systems
________ have biotic and abiotic components that regulate population size.
Grizzly Bears
________ are a keystone species in the northwestern United States and Canada.
Competition
________ between two species for limited resources has a negative effect on the abundance of both species.
Commensalism
________ is a relationship in which one species benefits while the second species is neither harmed nor benefited.
Fossil Fuels
________ were formed during the Carboniferous period when an exceptionally large amount of organic matter was buried before decomposing.
Autotrophs
________ interact with the physical environment to acquire food.
Fanworms
________ feed on detritus floating in marine waters.
Mutualism
________ is a symbiotic relationship where both members benefit.
Efforts
________ to reduce carbon dioxide emissions include alternative sources of energy and increased energy efficiency of cars and appliances.
Green Plants
________ are the dominant photosynthesizers on land.
Clams
________ take detritus from the sea bottom.
Fungi
________ break down the log and provide food for earthworms and insects living in and on the log.
Bullhorn Acacia Tree
The ________ provides a home for ants of the species Pseudomyrmex ferruginea.
Plants
________ take up carbon dioxide from the air and incorporate it into organic nutrients through photosynthesis.
Detritus
________ is composed of the remains of dead organisms plus the bacteria and fungi that aid in decay.
Biosphere
The ________ is the final level of biological organization and includes all ecosystems on Earth.
Herbivores
________ graze directly on algae or plants.
Predatory Fish
The pond or lake must contain vegetation where the backswimmer can hide from ________ and birds.
Bats
________ are designated as keystone species in tropical forests.
Lichens
________ can grow on rocks because the fungal member extracts minerals from the rocks, which are provided to the algal partner.
Savanna
The ________ is a tropical grassland with a high temperature and alternating wet and dry seasons.
Aquatic Community Productivity
________ is largely dependent on the availability of inorganic nutrients.
Character Displacement
________, such as differences in beak sizes of ground finches on the same island, is evidence of competition and resource partitioning.
Insects
________ may feed on each other, and birds flying throughout the forest may feed on the ________ and worms living in and on the log.
Chemoautotrophs
________ have been found to support communities in some caves and at hydrothermal vents along deep- sea oceanic ridges.
Gypsy Moths
________, zebra mussels, the Chestnut blight fungus, fire ants, and African bees are well- known exotic species that have killed native species.
Community
A group of interacting populations of different species living in the same area.
Species Richness
The number of different species living in a community.
Primary Succession
The process of ecological community development on a previously uninhabited area.
Secondary Succession
The process of ecological community development on an area that has been disturbed but not completely destroyed.
Competition
A relationship between two or more organisms that strive for the same resources.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other organism, the host.
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits, while the other organism is neither harmed nor benefited.
Mutualism
A relationship between two organisms in which both organisms benefit.
Habitat
The place where an organism lives and its surroundings.
Ecological Niche
The role an organism plays in its community, including its interactions with other organisms and its use of resources.
Competitive Exclusion Principle
The principle that two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche indefinitely.
Resource Partitioning
The process by which two or more species divide up a resource in a way that minimizes competition.
Character Displacement
The process by which two closely related species evolve different traits in order to reduce competition for resources.
Autotrophs
Organisms that can produce their own food from inorganic materials.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that cannot produce their own food and must consume other organisms for energy.
Carnivores
Organisms that eat other animals.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down dead organic matter into simpler substances.
Grazing Food Web
A food web in which energy flows from plants to herbivores to carnivores.
Detrital Food Web
A food web in which energy flows from dead organic matter to decomposers to other organisms.
Food Chains
A linear sequence of organisms in which each organism feeds on the one below it.
Trophic Level
A position in a food chain or food web, determined by the organism's feeding relationship.
Biogeochemical Cycles
The processes by which elements and compounds are recycled through the biosphere.