ASLI 313 Midterm Study Guide

Ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

Communication norms

ays of communicating that are culturally acceptable; this can include verbal and nonverbal communication.

high-context culture communication

communication emphasizes subtlety and nonverbals to get the point across instead of being completely direct.

low-context culture communication

typically relies more heavily on direct and clear communication

tacit culture

a culture in which the reason why behind actions or behaviors may not be known by outsiders of that specific group

some common characteristics of interpreters

assertive, self-aware, ability to relate and empathize with others

Reflective Practitioner

One who reflects on their work, seeks to improve and learns from mistakes

language brokers

provide written and sometimes spoken translations. Mediate communication.

ghostwriters

Read a written document and translate it into sign language for a Deaf person. In the past functioned as a community interpreter/translator.

gatekeeping

the vetting process used by the Deaf to decided who is allowed to interpret

Transliterating

Communicating a spoken language to a signed language verbatim.

How do CASE and PASE differ from ASL

CASE/PSE are signed languages that combine asl with manually coded English. ASL has its own specific sentence structure which does not mimic spoken English

interlocutors

Any person taking part in a conversation

metamessage

The meaning of a message that tells others how they should respond to the content. Conveyed in any way besides implicit verbal communication. Such as tone of voice, body language and gestures.

Sociolinguistics

describes the participants, setting, topic, and purpose of communication and explains why people communicate in different ways.

linguistic register

a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. Sometimes you may sign more serious, other times signs are more relaxed depending on context.

Complementary Schismogenesis

people from two different cultures interact and they display opposing behaviors. Often "opposing behavior" resulting in resisting to the other person's means of interaction.

Ingroup Speak

Is encountered when members of any community, group, or

organization use terms that have a unique or different meaning compared to those held by society in general.

Jargon

special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.

backchannelling

The way in which the listener lets the speaker know they are following the conversation. Used heavily in ASL.

bicultural

Involved with and have knowledge of two different cultures

third culture

When two different cultures come together and find a middle ground to create a "third culture"

deafcentric terms

terms that are different or unique because they relate to the culture or community of Deaf people

Provide examples of where each linguistic register would be used

Frozen: pledge of allegiance

Formal: Interpreting for a large crowd

Consultative: Doctor's office

Casual: Talking with friends

Intimate: Relatives, significant other

Cultural frames/ schema???

The way in which we understand or make sense of the world

subculture

a culture within a culture

stereotyping

Stereotyping is making a generalization, usually negative, about a group of people

Institutionalized Oppression

the systematic mistreatment of people within a social identity group, supported and enforced by the society and its institutions, solely based on the person's membership in the social identity group

Intersectionality

the integration of multiple defining identities into one person

individualistic culture

A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.

collectivist cultures

cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes

Oral traditions

the way in which history and culture are passed down orally from generation to generation. This communication could take on many forms such as folktales, arts or even songs.

Microaggressions

words or actions that either intentionally or unintentionally convey prejudice towards a minority group.

Dennotative vs. Connotative

Dennotative refers to the dictionary definition of a word, while connotative refers to the deeper meaning or largely held understanding of the word.

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

William Stokoe

English teacher at Gallaudet - first to recognize ASL as a natural language - wrote "Dictionary of ASL" (1965)

Marginalization

Pushing minority groups to the outside of the economic and social mainstream

Disenfranchisement

depriving someone of a right or privilege

Audist

someone who believes that being hearing is superior to being deaf. They often view deafness as something to be fixed. This results in oppressive attitudes towards deaf people.

Uninitiated

people are those who have no prior experience with the dDeaf

Medical Model

The medical model is the term used by medical professionals to define deaf individuals

Ally

Allies, in relation to the deaf community, is someone who supports the dDeaf community and their journey of equality

Normalize

forced assimilation of dDeaf people into society. These people also strive to eliminate sign or visible communication so that spoken language can be used instead

Oral program

an educational program that focuses on communication through speaking and lipreading.

ethnocultural identity

In the context of the Deaf community, an ethnocultural identity is referencing the absence of culture and traditions that are not passed down from hearing parents to Deaf children

benefactor

people who give money or aid to those in need. Typically benefactors has a negative connotation, referring to those who perceive Deaf people as needing to be rescued or needing their help

Deafhood

a journey one takes to become confident in their identity as a Deaf person

Acculturation

when two different cultures interact and one or both culture groups change as a result.

Trilingual interpreters

ASL interpreters who facilitate communication between a Deaf person, an english speaker and a speaker of another language. The trilingual interpreters must be skilled in all three languages.

heritage speakers

those who are skilled in understanding their native language, but still may have a hard time communicating via spoken or written word

Provide an overview of interpreting with Indigenous dDeaf people

Knowing what and who to honor when entering events

Being aware that the presence of an interpreter will impact the situation in either a negative or positive way.

Knowing the appropriate attire for an occasion is important

Provide an overview of interpreting with African American/Black dDeaf people and colleagues

Knowing that the culture is more collectivistic rather than individualistic

Knowing that they can have strong religious beliefs and orientation

Knowing that the language and narrative is different

Provide an overview of interpreting with Hispanic/Latinx dDeaf people and colleagues

Knowing that if you are trilingual in english, spanish, and asl can help

Understanding that the language used will be different

Collectivistic rather than individualistic

Tandem interpreters

team that takes turns interpreting so that they can share the workload.

Tactile Interpreting

used for DeafBlind individuals. It involves signing while the blind person's hands are resting on your own so that they can know what you are signing by feeling the shape and motion of your hands.

Why are Deaf interpreters needed?

They can better communicate cultural norms than hearing interpreters

Deaf may feel more comfortable and connected to a Deaf interpreter

This provides Deaf people with jobs where they can excel and use their cultural and linguistic knowledge to help and provide accessibility to their community.

Platform Interpreting

Interpreting in front of a large audience, most often in a formal setting where the speaker does most of the talking.

Mirror interpreting

Mirror interpreting is used when interpreting for a large number of people and members in the audience use ASL. The interpreter mirrors what is being signed in the audience.

Consecutive interpreting

The most common form of interpreting used by DIs. Deaf interpreter sits next to the hearing participant and the co-interpreter sits or stands either right next to the dDeaf participant or slightly behind.

Simultaneous interpreting

process wherein the interpreter speaks at the same time as the source language speaker

tactile or close vision interpreting

A method of interpreting for those who may have vision issues or be fully blind. Often the way the dDeaf participant would like to receive the information is up to them. This can look like the interpreter sitting beside or in front of the participant. Or a team of interpreters.

RID was founded when?

1964