Bones

are longer than they are wide

have almost the same length as width

are broad and flat

have many projection for articulation

are wrapped in a tendon

are small, flat bones that are found near a suture

central shaft of the long bone

are the knobs at the ends of the diaphysis ( proximal & distal)

protective cartilage that the two epiphyses

is the region between diaphysis and epiphysis with the epiphyseal line that represents the remnant of the epiphyseal plate

is a cavity in diaphysis, filled with fatty yellow bone marrow, blood vessel and nerves

covers the outer surface of the diaphysis

thin membrane that covers the inner surface of the medullary cavity

sites on the bones that provide sites for articulation, attachment of ligaments and tendons, forms passages and cavities for blood vessels and nerves

hole in a bone as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves

opening between the bones for nerves to pass

canal-like opening in a bone

hollow space within a bone

depression in a bone for muscle attachment or for one bone fits into another

socket in which the teeth fit into the jaws

groove on bone surface for a tendon, a blood vessel or nerve to be protected

large, rounded projection for articulation on long bones

smooth, flat surface where another bone articulates

smooth rounded surface for articulation

projection superior to a condyle that is a site for muscle attachment

any bony projection

large processes which serve as sites for muscle attachment

small rounded process

rough surface for muscle attachment

• provides support

• protect the internal organs

• assists body movements

• Mineral homeostasis - stores and releases calcium and phosphorus

• participates in blood cell production (hemopoiesis)

• stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow

• diaphysis

• 2 epiphyses

• 2 metaphyses

• articular cartilage covering both epiphyses

• Periosteum(connective tissue)

• medullary cavity

• endosteum

• radius, ulna, femur, humerus, Tibia, Fibula

• makes blood

Spongy bone( contains red bone marrow which makes blood cells)

Compact bone

cushion between bones

has consistent supply of cartilage building cells

• made up of yellow marrow

• produces blood and stores fat

clusters of bone cells/osteoprogenitor cells

15% water, 30% collagen, 55% crystalized mineral salts

• Osteoprogenitor cells - bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells

• Osteoblasts - bone-building cells that secrete matrix

• Osteocytes- mature bone cells

• Osteoclasts- remodel bones and cause them to release calcium

provides protection and support

It’s lightweight and provides tissue support

enter the diaphysis through Volkmann’s canals and are accompanied by periosteal veins and are accompanied by periosteal veins

enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen. Nutrient veins exit via the same canal

• the process of bone formation

• forms during embryological and fetal development, when bones grow before adulthood, when bones remodel, when factures heal

flat, irregular, sesamoid, sutural

1. Development of ossification center: osteoblasts secrete organic extracellular matrix

2. Calcification: calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies

3. formation of trabeculae: extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone

4. Development of the periosteum: mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into the periosteum

They come from cartilage.

replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus and occurs in epiphyseal plates of long bones as they grow in length

1. Development of cartilage model: Mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts which form the cartilage model.

2. Growth of cartilage model: growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes

3. Development of primary ossification center: In this region of the diaphysis, bone tissue has replaced most of the cartilage

4. Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity. Bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity

5. Development of secondary ossification centers: These occur in the epiphyses of the bone

6. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: Both structures consist of hyaline cartilage

cooperative action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

-osteoblasts deposit bone on the outer surface

• osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity from within

1. reactive phase- early inflammation phase & formation of a fracture hematoma

2. reparative phase- includes formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first and a bony callus second

3. bone remodeling phase- last step as the bony callus is remodeled by osteoclasts

open, closed, comminuted, greenstick, impacted, pott, colles

the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

does not break the skin; bone just breaks

The bone is splintered, crushed or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments

(usually in ulna & radius) a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; similar to the way a green twig breaks on one side while the other side stays whole, but bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material

One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other (seen in skate borders & car accident victims without seatbelts)

99%

• secretes parathyroid hormone when calcium levels drop

• osteoclasts are stimulated to increase bone resorption and calcium is released

stimulates the production of calcitriol(active form of vitamin D) by the kidneys to increase calcium absorption in the intestines & tells kidneys to not excrete Ca in the urine

released to lower blood Ca levels by the thyroid gland, osteoblast activity increases

decrease in bone mass when resorption outpaces deposition

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues , including bone, mainly by stimulating production of insulin- like growth factors

secreted by the thyroid gland; promotes normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts

secreted by the pancreas; promotes normal bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone proteins

stimulate osteoblasts and promote the sudden growth spurt that occurs during adolescence; shut down growth at epiphyseal plates around 18-21, causing lengthwise growth of bone to end; contributes to bone remodeling during adulthood by slowing bone resorption by osteoclasts and promoting bone deposition by osteoclasts

weight-bearing activities stimulate osteoblasts and help build thicker, stronger bones

prevents loss of bone mass as people age

• 80 bones

• skull bones, auditory bones, ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and sacrum

• 126 bones

• bones of the upper and lower extremities, bones forming girdles that connect limbs to the axial skeleton

prominent ridge or elongated projection

long, narrow ridge or border(less prominent that crest)

sharp, slender projection

areas of a fetus/baby where unossified mesenchyme develops into dense connective tissue

• does not articulate with any other bone

• supports the tongue and provides an attachment site for some muscles of the neck and pharynx

• protects the spinal cord

• composed of 26 vertebrae dived into 5 regions( cervical: 7, thoracic: 12, lumbar: 5, sacrum, coccyx)

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

• located between the bodies of the vertebrae from the second cervical to the sacrum

• composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage(annulus fibrosus) and an inner, soft nucleus(nucleus pulposus) with a layer of hyaline cartilage on the top and bottom of each disc

• absorb shock and separate the vertebrae from one another

atlas

axis

support the ribs and have special structures for rib head and tubercle attachment

• largest and strongest vertebrae

• no special structures that are specifically associated with these vertebrae

• triangular shaped

• part of the pelvic girdle

• composed of 5 vertebrae that fuse

• much smaller than the sacrum

• triangular in shape

• composed of 4 vertebrae that fuse

• entire chest region

• composed of the sternum, ribs, and costa cartilages (make up thoracic cage)

upper manubrium, middle body, lower xiphoid process

articulates with the clavicles and the costal cartilages

12 pairs of ribs

provide structural support to the thoracic cavity

• True(vertebrosternal) ribs- first 7 pairs; their cartilage is directly connected to the sternum

• False(vertebrochondral) ribs- next 5 pairs; cartilage is indirectly connected to the sternum

• Floating(vertebral) ribs- last 2 pairs; these are not connected to the sternum

• Scoliosis(increased lateral curvature)

• Kyphosis(increased thoracic curve-bent forward)

• Lordosis(increased lumbar curve- bent backwards)

a congenital defect of the vertebral column where the laminae do not develop normally (vary from minor to severe)

at C1, C2, C4-T, and T12-L2 (can cause spinal cord or nerve damage)

clavicle and scapula

• medial(sternal) end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

• lateral (acromial) end articulates with the acromion of the scapula

• flat bone that is located in the superior part of the posterior thorax between the second and seventh ribs

• glenoid cavity attaches to the humerus

• head of humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

• trochlea articulates with the ulna and the capitulum with the radius

• the olecranon and coronoid process at the proximal end of the ulna form the trochlear notch which wraps around the trochlea of the humerus making the elbow joint

• head of radius with the capitulum of the humerus and with the ulna allow the forearm to rotate

(8 small bones)

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform - articulates with the distal radius

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate- articulates with the metacarpals