Ch. 22/23 Terms and People

Leader of British suffragettes

Founded Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU)

British suffragette who wanted to improve women’s education

Didn’t believe men and women were the same, but had joint interests

Created by Henry Bessemer

Helped create a stronger, lighter, and more durable iron

English physician

Discovered inoculation and vaccination for smallpox

French chemist and pharmacist

Discovered “germ theory”

• Found link between microbes and disease

Pasteurization: Milk soured due to bacteria: bacteria → infection

Developed vaccines against anthrax/rabies

Anesthesia still resulted in patients dying from infection

Lister suggested filthy conditions led to infection

• Patients didn’t bathe

• Doctors wore normal clothes

  • Never cleaned instruments

Started program of cleanliness (1865)

Wrote “On the Origins of Species” (1859) and “Theory of Evolution” (1871)

Natural selection and evolution

Survival of the fittest

British philosopher

Known for supporting social Darwinism

Principles of evolution and natural selection can be applied to social classes and human society

Reason to not aid those who are weak

British philosopher

Natural selection benefits people and created biological discipline

Said humans are better than it and can improve together

• Against social Darwinism

Governments extend legal protection for trade unions

Allowed works to have more influence in politics

• More strikes

Could demand for improvement of wages and working conditions

Formed by British and French unionists and radicals

Wanted to reform conditions of labor

Supported by Marx and pushed for the Paris Commune

Spread Marxism as #1 form of socialism

British socialism without Marxism (1884)

Consisted of civil servants who believed problems of economy and production could be solved gradually, peacefully, and democratically

Formed by French socialists to unify national socialist parties and trade unions

Condemned opportunism and ordered French socialists to form a single party

Main labor union for French socialists

• Rival to socialist parties

Wanted to improve workers’ conditions through direct action

Embraced doctrines of syndicalism

• syndicalism: transferring means of production to workers’ unions

German party who kept socialism alive until early 20th century

• Opposed reformist policies

Divided between those who advocated reform and those who advocated for revolution

Program that declared the imminent doom of capitalism in the German Empire

Necessity of socialist ownership of the means of production through legal political participation

Improve workers’ lives rather than work for revolution

German author and theorist

• Questioned Marx ideals

Wrote “Evolutionary Socialism” (1889)

Questioned the pessimistic appraisal of capitalism and the necessity for revolution for revolution

Stated conditions of Europe don’t meet expectations of Marxism

Bernstein’s doctrines generated debate among German socialists who eventually condemned them

Argued evolution toward social democracy might be possible in liberal G.B. but not in authoritarian Germany

Working with the system

Gradual change

Russian political party

Supported farms and communal (“mir”)

Moderate Russian party, “Cadets”

• Zemstvos based

Western Constitutional Monarchy

Councils - Professional class + landowners (like G.B.)

Radical majority

Inspired by Lenin

• Proletariat + Peasant (Dual Revolution)

• Elite group of Pro-Revolutionaries

Revisionist minority

Independent French socialist

Used French revolutionary tradition instead of Marxism to justify revolutionary socialism

Predicted WWI