Music 203 Andrew Connell Study Guide Test 1

A shared set of beliefs and practices that defines a group of people

A set of shared musical beliefs and practices that defines a group of people

The process of how infants learn culture

Cultural change that occurs in response to extended first hand contact between 2 or more previously autonomous groups

To take a trait or practice from another individual or cultural group and make it your own

Aerophones (woodwinds)

Chordophones (guitar, banjo) Membranophones (drums) Idiophones (cowbell, triangle, etc.)

Electronophones & mechanical instruments

woodwinds

guitar or banjo

Cowbell, triangle, ect

Mechanical instruments

pitch

volume

timbre

Frequency = pitch Amplitude = volume Spectrum = timbre

Pulse/Beat Polyrhythm (two different rhythms going on simultaneously) Meter (Duple, triple, Compound) Rubato (Nonmetered)

Duple, Triple, Compound

two different rhythms going on simultaneously

scale Ornmentation Syllabic vs melismatic singing

Taking one melody and making it your own Example(Jimi Hendrix Nation anthem)

Chord

Monophony - Solo, or same Heterophony - All playing or singing same tune but a little off (ex. When people sing happy birthday... all not same key or same texture) Polyphony - Many different sounds/ words going on

Solo or same

All playing or singing same tune but a little off (ex. When people sing happy birthday... all not same key or same texture)

Many different sounds/ words going on

Asian hunters crossed Bering land bridge 40k to 15k years ago

They arrived to: -2-18 million inhabitants -100 tribal groups -300 distinct languages -Attempted to convert them to evangelism -Forced relocation -Tried to get them to drop their ways for "western culture"

It was an oral culture making it hard to track/ understand with no writings

Language barrier (300 different languages)

Eurocentric biases

Material Culture - First hand sources, bones, paintings, instruments

Oral Culture - Talk to American Indians about their tradition and oral stories

Historical Accounts - "read between the lines" of Eurocentric historical sources... note the biases though (above)

Extrapolating Backwards- Track current music backwards

Linked to rituals very strongly and important tribe functions

Ownership of songs is related to tribes not one specific writer/ composer, etc.

Used for vision quests, successful hunts etc.

Spiritually powerful and important, deeper meaning and effects on the audiences or performer

They are judged by "efficacy" (effect) not the beauty or complexity and flow of the song

Monophonic - Predominantly vocal

Vocables, not words, no direct meaning

Short repeating melodies (3-6 notes)

Musical instrumentsRepetitive with subtle variation

Membranophones and Idiophones - Drums, rattles, flutes were Most commonly used

Aerophones - Less common but used for love/ courting a woman

Male singers

Central Drum

Leg Bells

Tense pulsing voices

Downward, terraced couture

"Honor Beats" signal the end

Ululation: Female singers yodel like sound

LISTENED to "War Dance Song"

Melodic contour, wide leaps to high accented pitch

Angular, undulating phrases

Rhythm: long - short

LISTENED to "Round dance song"

STRONG song ownership

meant To reinforce social hierarchy

Potlatch ceremony (celebration)

Characteristics: Planks, drums, and rattles Undulating melodies Open relaxed voice LISTENED to "Whale dance"

Trail of tears (1830-1842)

Ghost dance

Pow wow

Wounded Knee massacre (1890)

Forced relocation to Oklahoma

Many died while being forced to relocate

Used to wish for the white man to die so they could revert back to before the Europeans came over

Cross tribal gatherings

Songs, dance, food, culture, contests

Celebration of life and culture

Killed unarmed Ghost dancers

Mildred Baily

Jimi Hendrix

"Come and Get Your Love" - Redbone

metaphor for the heartbeat/heart of tribe

Challenged key catholic beliefs

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

John Calvin (1509-1564)

An aversion to State religion and Church Hierarchy

Sang early Psalm Books

Reverend Henry Ainsworth

based on syllables per line

Music as a vehicle for words

Bay Psalm Book

"message over music"

8.8.8.8

8.6.8.6

6.6.8.6

first book printed in British North America

Praise - Direct praise

Edification - Intellectual, moral, and spiritual improvement

Praise through Intellectual, moral, and spiritual improvement (should lift you)

Song leader gives each line of the tune and the chorus repeats it back

Criticized as "praising god through piece-meal"

LISTEN to "Guide me, O thou great Jehovah"

Centered in New England

"regular singing"

Brings about the return of church choirs

New England Psalm-Singer (1770)

----First by an American composer

----Waited to print until he could print on American paper

The Singing Master's Assistant (1778)

"First American composer worthy of note"

Known for Subscription sales

LISTEN to "Chester" ---Popular revolutionary-era song

Popular in rural north and the south

Melody in middle voice tenor

"Sacred Harp" (1844)

"Of, for, and by the people" ----Democratic music making

was looked down upon by some due to "dunce notes" and it was "unscientific music"

looked down upon by those supporting Edification... "correct singing"

Cross cultural

"The Colored Sacred Harp" (1934) by African American composers

Composed completely by African American

Born into singing school tradition

Moved to Boston ----Involved in Boston Handle & Haydn Society collection of church music (1821)

Sold 50,000 (split 50/50 with publisher = great deal for him)

LISTEN to "Olivet"

Children singing schools in 1830 ----1,500 students in year one

Had goal of universal music literacy

Entered music into Boston school curriculum in 1838 ----Manual of the Boston Academy of Music

1. Teach singing before notation

2. Active learning

3. Teach one element at a time

4. Master each step before moving on

5. Theory & principal follow practice

First slaves brought over in 1619

About 10 million taken to new world

Only about 500,000 taken to US

Economics dominated morality, fueling importation/ harsh treatment of slaves

Because cotton drove US economy

cotton drove US economy

1863: Emancipation Proclamation

outlawed slavery

if born here you are a US citizen protected by the US and the constitution

stated that all MEN can vote regardless of ethnicity

Roughly 100 years of racial terrorism and systematic discrimination

1964 civil rights act

1965 voting rights act

Lack of texts

Oral culture

Only euro-American written accounts ----BIAS behind it

Percussion dominant

Polyrhythms Interlocking parts

Call and response

"Heterogeneous sound ideal"

Vocal style

Dance is prevalent and important

Music integrated into their daily life

North: ----Urban ----Greater acculturation (definition on first page), less retention of African ways

South: ----Rural plantation culture ----Less white/black interaction ---------Led to them keeping more traditions with out adapting to white culture

Had African festivals on Christmas, Election days, and the Pentecost

Cuba ----Santeria, rumba "spirit possession"

Haiti ----Voudoun, rara

Brazil ----Candomblé, samba

These songs were part of daily life Listen "I don't mind the weather" - holler

North: predominantly Methodists

Trinity Church in NY was the first mixed church that accepted blacks

Because baptism would mean they are humans and gods children that would then, in turn, be considered humans with rights

Also, they feared that they would be "too uppity and proud to work"

Evangelical revivals

Whites and Blacks worshiped together

Criticized by conservative Methodists

1784, appointed preacher in Philly

Old St. George's Methodist Church

Founded by Richard Allen in 1794

Published songs and hymns in 1801

1 to 2 lines put in any song (call & response)

West African dance performed by dancing in a circle and responding to the preacher's shouts; influenced Jazz

European music transformed to African/ hymn tune

Hymn turned into African American Spiritual music

Isolated African Americans, no white males, enabled them to carry on strong/ historic African culture

LISTEN - Adam in the Garden

Used to communicate messages songs, had encoded meanings

The wretchedness of slavery

Hopes/ dreams of escaping

Israelites = Slaves

Pharaoh = Owner

Chariot = Underground railroad

Canaan = Northern lands and safety

slaves

Slave owner

Underground Railroad

Northern lands and safety

Popular narrative song

Stanzas

Strophic is music stays same, words change

Oral tradition, not written down

music stays same, words change throughout the song

From US perspective ----Imported ----Naturalized to new world through meaning, words, etc. ----Native ones are composed in Americas LISTEN to Barbara Allen

Composers ----HJ Beeker ----May Kennedy McCord ----Pete Seeger

Scottish roots

Based on 17th century Scottish ballad

Emotional core

Songs composed in Americas

Music that has been changed to make it more local to America

Often based on real events, past or present

because it is seen as a primitive activity to dance could Also, can be seen as a sin

Known for his collection of ballads, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (5 total volumes)

known for their folk songs collection called Folk Songs of the Southern Appalachians (1917)

Archive of American Folk Song

Founded in 1928 by father and son John and Alan Lomax

Folk researchers and political activists

Recorded some of the first rural folk songs

Though music had the power to inspire political change

Representation of the working man

focused on social advocacy