Sustainable Farming the Ocean and Cimate Test Review

It leads to a reduction due to soil erosion and pollution from pesticides

too much of one plant species can rob the soil of its nutrients

Raising a single crop has drawbacks as it increases the risk of disease and pest outbreaks because monocultures lack other plant and animal species that limit the spread of disease and control pests through predation.

It can be toxic to untargeted species

Existing species can be overrun by more dominant new species

Its safe, cleaner, generates a lower carbon footprint, reduces erosion, more sustainable long term

expensive, labor intensive, lower land use efficiency, crop yields are lower, no-till farming is often less successful b/c no herbicide use

Effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that uses chemical and non-chemical practices and tries to reduce crop damage with the least amount of damage to the environment

less genetic resistance of pests, reduces pest control/fertilizer/water costs

reduce risks to wildlife and human health.

more involved planning, time and energy consuming, more outside knowledge

it requires expert knowledge about each pest situation. It takes more time than does use conventional pesticides.

The increasing salt concentration in plants as repeated irrigation happens and evaporations leaves salt deposits behind that are toxic to plants

Can dehydrate crops decreasing their yields

not over irrigating and using efficient irrigation

by treating salty drainage water and setting up desalting plants

The number of species on an island result from an equilibrium between immigration and extinction which are effected by the distance from the mainland, also islands that are more isolated receive less immigrants than those who are less isolated

habitat destruction, invasive species, population growth, pollution, climate change, overexploitation, these are the main factors that cause a loss in biodiversity

parts of a habitat are destroyed leaving behind smaller parts (ex: construction)

rate at which biomass is produced by organisms that convert inorganic substrates into complex organic substances

rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem

productivity greatest in swamps and least in open ocean

Lake, stream ,river, freshwater wetland(super productive, reduces floods/droughts)

Mangrove swamp(salt tolerant), intertidal zone, coral reef, open ocean, salt march(along the coast and high productivity)

Littoral Zone, Limnetic Zone, Profundal zone, benthic zone

near shore, shallow, goes to a depth at which plants can root

a lot of sunlight, food is produced here for many consumers

to dark for photosynthesis, colder water

decomposers are found here

intertidal, coastal, open, euphotic, aphotic

high low tides and organisms must be able to survive changing conditions

nutrient rich and high biodiversity

most of the ocean with the large

• where whales and large schooling fish live

photosynthesis occurs and lots of phytoplankton

gets colder + darker as depth increases

many benthic feeders along the bottom

The equator receives direct solar energy compared to other latitudes, the air is warmed up at the equator and this air becomes less dense then rises (atmospheric convection)

Layer in the water in which the temperature changes very quickly

Deep, nutrient rich, cold water rises to the surface and replaces the warmer water

due to rotation of the earth, currents divert to right in Northern hemisphere + left in southern hemisphere

( right in north) (left in south)

Patterns of surface currents are determined by wind direction, Coriolis forces from the Earth's rotation, and the position of landforms that interact with the currents

El Nino southern oscillation

weak upwelling and deep thermocline, east pacific water warms and trade winds weaken, occurs in the tropical east pacific

strong upwelling and shallow thermocline, increased phytoplankton concentrations in the east

causes warmer temperatures, which eventually fall, and when they have fallen substantially enough, La Nina occurs.

The amount of solar radiation reaching an area that’s measured in watss/m^2

• Depends on the angle of the earth and how directly rays strike the earths surface

• Also the amount of atmosphere the suns rays pass through

• Equator has higher insolation and the poles have lower