EKG review ch 4

1) generic name

2) Brand name

3) classification

4) dosage information

5) potential adverse cardiac effects(side effects)

Prescribed before a cardiovascular event happens

Limit disease from further damage or progress or to reduce symptoms

a hormone created in the liver as a protein responsible for regulating sodium and water balance in the body

they expand the blood vessels and prevents angiotensin ll from forming; this will reduce hypertrophy, which is the thickening of the heart.

ACE inhibitors.
ex: lisinopril (Prinivil), enalapril (Vasotec)

They cause the blood vessels to dilate and angiotensis ll is blocked from being able to bind to the blood vessels (so less chance of clots).

pt. with chronic kidney disease and kidney failure manifested from diabetes.This is a cardiac medications prescribed to change blood pressure.

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB)

ex: valsartan (Diovan), losartan (Cozaar)

they block hormones like epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine in beta receptors in ANS(autonomic nervous system).

beta blockers

a pt. suffering from a MI (myocardial infraction). This medication will relieve the stress on the heart muscle.

prevents the blood vessels from becoming too constricted by restricting the calcium. It will slow the heart rate, which will help with angina and control irregular heart beats.

slow the impulses in the heart, which will result in the decrease in heart rate and oxygen requirements.

Calcium channel blocker (CCB)

ex: amlodipine (Norvasc), nifedipine (Procardia)

medication that makes the pt. urinate more than normal because it stimulates the kidney to release more urine.

1) thiazide diuretics

2) Loop Diuretics

3) potassium- sparing diuretics

are designed to increase the excretion of water and salt through urination, and are good for long-term use

are very potent diuretics and are used when a client has an exacerbation of fluid overload.

also reduce the fluid in the body, but unlike other diuretics, they do not cause the body to lose potassium

hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide, Esidrix, Hydrodiuril), furosemide (Lasix)

are anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents that affect blood clotting

blood clot

fibrous protein that forms a mesh to keep platelets together

blood cell that assists in blood clotting

Prevents protein in platelets from clumping up and binding together to form blood clots.

blood clot reduces blood flow in brain

blood clot stops flow of blood in brain

ASA (asprin)

clopidrogrel (plavix)

they are a clotting factor and can cause interference with the formation of fibrin web.

Primarily used for patients suffering from a stroke and the blood clots originate in the heart, and for atrial fibrillation

warfarin sodium (Coumadin), enoxaparin (Lovenox)

Any regularly occurring abnormal, faulty, or disordered rhythms

Electrical signals that produce a quiver, not a contraction, in heart muscles of atria or ventricles

Used to control irregular heartbeat, premature or extra beat and supraventricular or ventricular irregular beats.

1) Sodium channel blocker

2) potassium channel blocker

3) a combination of sodium and potassium

decrease the speed of the electrical conduction in the heart therefore stabilizing the cardiac membrane by inhibiting automaticity

slows nerve impulses within the heart, which in turn decreases heart rate and oxygen requirements

used to reduce chest pain and the vasodilators treat angina (chest pain)

For pt. who have normal BP and have acute heart failure. Also for pt. who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors

isosorbide dinitrate (Isordi), nesiritide (Natrecor), hydralazine hydrochloride (Apresoline), nitroglycerin (Nitrostat)

means the heart can no longer function normally. The heart pumping blood is reduced causing insufficient systemic blood flow

With heart failure, heart will become enlarged

Structural or functional abnormality of the heart or cardiovascular system. it is responsible for ~40% of deaths in US each year

lower blood cholesterol

A blood test for low density lipoprotein (LDL) measures plaque in arteries. If the LDL is too high, it can cause sudden blood clots.

blocks the liver enzyme that produces cholesterol.

Antihyperlipidemics

ex: rosuvastatin (Crestor), atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Study of how drugs act in living organisms

Study of how body metabolizes a drug and how body distributes or excretes drugs

Study of how drugs interrelate based on genetics

Rate or degree at which drug absorbed

should be avoided to prevent possible interactions

can cause medication toxicity in some antihypertensive classes of medication because it strengthens the dosage

could cause these medications to not work as well, or could make side effects worse, including a build up of potassium in the body

Used by the liver to create clotting factors. warfarin (Coumadin), a drug–food interaction can occur because the warfarin works by inactivating Vitamin K, therefore increasing the time for blood clots to form

may increase bleeding in pts who are on antithrombotic therapy drugs.

may increase bleeding in pts who are on antithrombotic therapy drugs.

increases the toxicity when it interacts with aspirin and other antiplatelet drugs by increasing the toxicity of the drug,

may increase hypertension and heart rate, and decrease the effectiveness of antithrombotic agents

may cause an increase in edema and may increase hypertension

may increase bleeding in pts who are on antithrombotic therapy drugs

combination of dose administered and how body metabolizes drug

Helps pt. take ownership of their health.

Early identification of risk and drug dosage adjustments can limit adverse reactions