Laissez-Faire
where the government is not to interfere with the free market system (government does not regulate business or economy)
profit, production, and economy increases
economy was booming on the backs of the workers
Muckrakers
journalists who exposed corruption, unsafe conditions, etc.
wanted to reform the laissez-faire system
Ida Tarbell and Jacob Riis
Upton Sinclair
wrote “The Jungle” and published it in 1906— meat packing industry with Rudkus and as a form of socialist propaganda
wanted to expose the horrible working conditions in meat-packing factories through the book
led to the creation of the FDA
Ida Tarbell
wrote “The History of Standard Oil” which exposed Rockefeller as a tyrant
resulted in the Sherman Antitrust Act passing which outlaws all monopolization (never enforced and was used in court to prove Microsoft, a monopoly, wrong)
Jacob Riis
wrote “How the Other Half Lives” which compared the lives of workers to rich people through photo evidence
Tenements
housing built for immigrants that were very cramped, unsanitary, and unventilated.
had no running water, indoor bathrooms, or windows
kids played in an alley with dirty water and outhouses
if you wanted to help the poor or the workers at that time, you were labeled a communist and could be shot for “treason”
The Jungle
written by Upton Sinclair
was about the meat-packing industry
characters in the book were spitting in the meat, falling into meat grinders, rats were getting processed with the meat, etc
book’s purpose was to expose the cruel working conditions in meat-packing factories (showed that they weren’t getting paid for the full hour, unsanitary conditions, etc)
readers were more upset about the unsanitary food than the workers
resulted in the Pure Food and Drug Act which helped create the FDA (first time government regulated business)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
FDA had to go inside factories --- the first time the government regulated business
FDA protects public health by ensuring food, drugs, biological products, cosmetics, etc, are safe for to use (approves or disapproves them)
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
after the progressive era and great depression
switch from laissez faire to regulated economy
gave the first minimum wage: 25 cents
established overtime pay for working a shift over 8hrs (or 40hrs per week)
got rid of child labor
Workers Rights Issues Today
child labor
gender-based discrimination
low wages
safety violations
paid leave
Carrie Chapman Catt
women’s activist who worked with NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association) to get suffrage in the U.S.
used state-by-state campaigning method to gain support in all of the states
Alice Paul
wanted the right to vote immediately
wanted a constitutional amendment
forms NWP - national womens party
fights for women’s rights in england
President Wilson
inauguration occurs after the women’s march
did not first think fondly of women’s rights and their right to vote.
as World War I starts, Wilson begins to shift his viewpoint of women as it was beginning to be a more popular issue.
Gloria Steinem
led the Women’s Liberation Movement which wanted the Equal Rights Amendment
National Women’s Party (NWP)
formed by alice paul
main focus was to pass the 19th amendment which granted women’s suffrage
National Organization for Women (NOW)
1966-National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded by Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan to support equal pay and job opportunities.
19th Amendment
Ratified 1920
Women get the right to vote
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.
There is NO Equal Rights Amendment for women in the Constitution
Hunger strikes
protesting strategy led by Alice Paul when they were arrested for picketing the white house
her and several other women didn’t eat for days until they were force-fed by the prison staff
Roe v Wade (then and now)
Many states outlawed abortions. (In Texas abortions were only legal to save the life of the mother)
Roe wished to have an abortion, but it was not allowed to under Texas law
7-2 for roe
Abortion is legal
During the first trimester of pregnancy, abortion is legal without any interference from the state
**Ruling in June 2022, was overturned
abortion is controlled by states
Title IX
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance…
Schools must have equal funding for men and women’s sports as well as have equal opportunities to play sports
Women’s Issue today
Equal rights Amendment- ERA
Equal Pay- new legislation
Reproductive rights- abortion and birth control
Equal Job opportunities- less women as CEOs & STEM
Body Image-beauty standards
Rape Culture-hypermasculinity, sexual assualt, victim shaming
Cesar Chavez
Led UFW
Goal: Fight for rights of laborers and Chicanos (Latin X Community)
Reached goals with hunger strikes, grape wine strikes, wine boycott, sit-ins, and nonviolent marches
United Farm Workers (UFW)
Delores Huerta
Brother in law was Cesar Chavez
Stopped teaching because she could not do anything for those who came to school barefoot and hungry
Began with CSO
Goals: register Chicano voters and have citizenship classes for Chicanos
Worked with Chavez in the UFW
Became part of the feminist movement after meeting Gloria Steinem
LaRaza Party
Once a political party who now workes to help people in the Latino community
LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens)
-Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
still exists
tries to promote a path to citizenship
Latinos Issues today
Representation in STEM careers, government, media, and TV shows
Immigration— President Trump writes an executive order of building a wall which is now ⅓ done
Path to citizenship
Border Crisis
Job Opportunities
Native Americans suffrage date
1954
American Indian Movement (AIM)
fights for Native American rights
NARF (Native American Rights Fund)
fights for Native American rights
The Trail of Tears
“ethnic cleansing”
displace and forced many Native Americans out of their native land/homes and to the west
makeshift burials on the trail
many perished from the migration journey they were forced to pursue
the colonizers took their land as they were forced to migrate
Issues on Reservations
lack running water
High levels of Poverty and lack of jobs
Massive alcoholism, diabetic, and obesity rate-health care
High school dropout rate
Mascots in sports
underrepresented in government
Mascots
“Cleaveland Indians” (thankfully they changed)
The Dakota Pipeline
A pipeline almost 1,200 miles long was being constructed to transport crude oil across four states
Trump signed executive order to keep construction of the pipeline going
Biden has allowed the pipeline to continue to stay open while environmental review takes place
This is an issue because it crosses through Native American cemeteries when rich golf fields can be easily cut through without the need to damage these precious cemeteries
Native Americans Issues today
Logos and mascots depict Native Americans in a disrespectful manner
Violence against Native American Women
Underrepresentation in government
Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL)
reservation status (refer to the reservation bullets)
Madonna Thunder Hawk
civil rights activist with AIM
Stonewall Riots
-A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid at the Stonewall Inn (a Gay Bar) in Greenwich Village
-Took place in New York City on June 28, 1969
Don’t Ask Don’t Tell (DADT)
-Passed by President Clinton (ends up hurting the movement)
-A military policy that did allow people in the LGBT community to serve openly. They were not allowed to tell anyone and no superior could ask.
-If found out about their sexual orientation, they would be given a dishonorable discharge from the military. (Daniel Choi)
-President Obama got rid of DADT
President Clinton
-When was running for presidency he was for the LGBTQ+ community and said he would make it more “allowed”. Except, he passed laws like DADT and DOMA which hurt the community severely. Was not liked by people from this community.
AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
-At first, was thought to be a “gay disease”
-Increased discrimination in the gay community/hurt the gay rights movement
-Anyone can contract AIDS and HIV
-Magic Johnson and Ryan White fought against AIDS publicly, proving it was not a “gay disease”
DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act)
-Passed by President Clinton
-Attempts to define marriage as union between one woman and one man
-Allows states to deny recognition for same-sex marriage
-(No full Faith and Credit)
-Was deemed Unconstitutional by the Federal Government, making same-sex marriage legal
President Obama
-Repealed DADT
-Supported repealing DOMA
-Signed bills/laws that prevent hate crimes toward the LGBT community
-Made Stonewall a National Historic Landmark
Obergefell v Hodges
-Ruled the Federal Same-Sex Ban was unconstitutional
-Fundamental guarantee of marriage to same-sex couples under 14th Amendment
-Same-sex marriage is now legal in all 50 states
Bostock v Clayton County
-Ruled that it is illegal for businesses nationwide to fire employees based on their sexual orientation or gender identity under the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Human Rights Campaign
Largest civil rights group fighting for equality for the LGBT community
GLAAD
The LGBT media advocacy organization and changing the culture and acceptance within the community
LGBTQ+ Issues Today
-Anti-Discrimination Laws in states
-Transgender rights and violence
-”Don’t Say Gay” Laws
- Education in school
-Adoption rights
-Drag Queen Bans
Buck vs. Bell
Issue: can someone committed to a mental institution be sterilized?
Decision: Yes, a person that is “feeble minded” can be sterilized against their will since there is a hearing beforehand
Still legal today—especially in detention centers and prisons
Sterilization
a surgical removal of reproductive organs to prevent an individual from having children
Almost always against one’s will and done without consent
Capital Crawl
people in wheelchairs crawl up the steps
Designed to show how inaccessible the Capital Building was
Effect–George H. W. Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)
focus on creating free public education for all students, including accommodations for students with disabilites
used to be Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)
renamed im 1990
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act
signed by Geroge H. W. Bush
Prevent discrimination based on disability
Ensure that accommodations and accesibility is widely available in public space/workspaces
The Arc
group that helps people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their family
largest community-based organization
Autism Speaks
largest organization for research and support for people with autism
Disabled Issues Today
Accessibility still remains the #1 problem facing people with disabilities
Lack of representation in media
Inaccessibility of media for the blind and/or deaf
discrimination against “invisible” disabilities
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
FLSA
Fair Labor Standards Act
DOMA
Defense of Marriage Act
AIDS
Aquired Immune deficiency Syndrome
DADT
Don’t Ask Don’t Tell
AIM
American Indian Movement
NARF
Native Americans Rights Fund
NOW
National Organization of Women
NWP
Nation Women’s party
UFW
United Farm Workers
CSO
Community service organization
NAWSA
National American women’s suffrage Association
ERA
Equal Rights Amendment
DAPL
Dakota Access Pipeline
IDEA
Individuals witj Disabilities Education Act
ADA
Americans with Disabilities Act