Chapters 10 & 11 Test

Carolus Linneaus

The scientist who developed a classification system for living things

Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon

The scientist who proposed species shared ancestors

Erasmus Darwin

The scientist who proposed all living things descended from a common ancestor

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

The scientist who proposed a theory that all organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity

James Hutton

The scientist who proposed that Earth was very old, saying geologic change occurred gradually & at a constant rate

Charles Lyell

The scientist who published “Principles of Geology”

6000

For a long time, people believed the Earth was only ____ years old

Galapagos Islands

The place Darwin did his studies

Adapted to their surroundings

Darwin discovered animals did this

Variations

Differences in physical traits, like those Darwin observed between animals in different locations

Artificial Selection

The process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits

Natural Selection

The process by which the environment influences evolution

Fitness

An organism’s ability to survive

Variation, Overproduction, Adaptation, & Descent with Modification

The 4 main factors necessary for natural selection

Phenotype

Natural selection acts on _______

Fossils, Geography, Embryology & Anatomy

4 pieces of evidence for evolution

Embryology

The observation of similarities in embryos among animal species

resembled

Darwin found finches on Galapagos Islands ______ those found on the mainland, with a few adaptations

Homologous Structures

Features in different animals similar in structure but with different functions

Analogous Structures

Structures that perform similar functions but that aren’t similar in origin

Vestigial Structures

Structures or organs seemingly lacking in function, left over from previous ancestors

Pseudogenes

Genes left over from ancestors that no longer function

DNA Sequence Analysis

Based on _____________, more closely related organisms have more similar DNA

Gene Pool

Genetic variation stored in populations

Allele Frequency

The percentage of organisms in a population with a certain allele

Mutations & Recombination

2 sources of genetic variation

Mutations

Random change in an organism’s DNA that can form new traits

Recombination

A new allele combination showing up in offspring, most frequently happening during meiosis

Normal Distribution

Distribution of a trait resembling a bell curve

Microevolution

An observable change in allele frequency of a population over time

Directional Selection

A shift in population’s phenotypic distribution. For instance, an extreme phenotype that was once rare is now common

Stabilizing Selection

The intermediate phenotype is favored and becomes more common, decreasing genetic diversity

Disruptive Selection

Both extreme phenotypes are favored, possibly leading to formation of new species

Gene Flow

The movement of alleles between populations

Similar

Gene flow between populations keeps gene pools ______

Genetic Drift

A change in allele frequencies by chance

Bottleneck Effect & Founder Effect

2 ways genetic drift occurs

Bottleneck Effect

Genetic drift occurring after an event that kills much of the population

Founders Effect

Genetic drift occurring after a small number of individuals colonize a new area

Loss of genetic variation & possible increase in lethal alleles

Effects of genetic drift

Sexual Selection

The effect of traits increasing mating success

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Populations that are not evolving

Large populations, no migration, no mutations, random mating, and no natural selection

Conditions for populations that aren’t evolving

Speciation

The rise of 2 or more species from one existing species`

Reproductive, Behavioral, Temporal, or Geographic Isolation

Reasons for speciation

Reproductive Isolation

When members of the same species can no longer successfully mate

Behavioral Isolation

Differences in courtship or mating behavior stopping individuals of a species from mating

Geographic Isolation

Geographic barriers preventing members of a species from mating

Temporal Isolation

Timing preventing members of a species from mating

They’re unable to mate

What makes one species split into 2?

Convergent Evolution

Evolution when unrelated species become more similar

Divergent Evolution

Evolution when related species begin to differ

Coevolution

2 or more species evolving in response to changes in the other

Extinction

Elimination of a species from Earth

Punctuated Equilibrium

Bursts of evolutionary activity

Adaptive Radiation

Diversification of one species into many descendant species