Studied by 2 peopleGrandparents as primary caregivers in skipped- generation families forge
significant attachment relationships with grandchildren.
Infants form a hierarchy of attachment that includes
________primary and secondary attachment figures ordered in strength of preference.
Secure attachment in the first year of life provides
________an important foundation for psychological development later in life.
Caregivers consistently available to
respond to infants needs not immediacy but consistency
Babies develop attachments to
a variety of familiar people, including fathers, grandfathers, siblings, caregivers
Research has found that the proportion of infants classified by the Strange Situation as having a secure attachment
does not differ very much by country
What is more likely to differ across cultures is
the proportion of infants in the different categories of insecure attachment.
Risk factors:
Health Issues (Prematurity, birth complications, and newborn illness ) Maternity Leave, Inadequate childcare Family circumstances (stress, parental well-being, PPD) Socio-economic factors & financial stress
Factors that affect attachment security:
Early availability of a consistent caregiver Quality of caregiving: Sensitive caregiving and Proximal care, in cultures that emphasize interdependence
Caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness at the core of
secure and healthy attachment
New life circumstances can change relationships
Parental hospitalization or death Decreased quality of mother–child interaction Decreased marital satisfaction Increase in maternal depression
children usually continue to behave in ways that cause
their later relationships to replicate their earlier ones
Securely attached children are more
joyful, curious, competent, empathic, resilient, and self-confident
Securely attached children interact more
positively with parents, preschool teachers, and peers.
Securely attached children are better able to
resolve conflicts.
Insecurely attached children show more
fear, distress, anger
Much emphasis is on maternal attachment, however,
babies can and do develop secure attachment to other close individuals and caregivers
Parent does not need to be
“perfect” to have secure attachment
Caregivers should often let their babies have
an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year.
Infant temperament also plays a role in
the dyadic relationship (involves two individuals)
Rather than looking only at the parents or only at the baby, researchers are increasingly looking at
how the characteristics and behaviors of the parents and the baby shape each other over time.
A substantial body of research has shown that mothers are more likely to respond positively to their babies when they have
Good social support, especially when caring for a difficult infant
A positive relationship with their partner
Adequate economic resources
Good psychological health (for example, lower levels of anxiety, depression, and stress, or higher levels of life satisfaction)
A history of good care in their own childhood
Paternal sensitive, stimulating play with infants is associated with
favorable emotional and social adjustment
Note
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