AP WORLD VOCAB - ALL UNITS

nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; started the caste system

Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the various gods of the Aryans.

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life

Priests, at the top of the caste system in Hindu culture

rulers and warriors in Hindu culture

farmers, traders, and merchants in Hindu culture

laborers in Hindu culture

"untouchables"; did dirty jobs that no one else wanted to do in Hindu culture

A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.

World soul-single divine power in Hinduism that is in everything and surrounds everyone

Individual souls; will eventually rejoin Brahman

Reincarnation/Cycle of Rebirth

Good and bad deeds that influence a person's next life (in Hinduism)

Goal of Hinduism: attain liberation by one's atma joining the Brahman

Founder of Buddhism

Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have found a path for overcoming suffering. Siddhartha Gautama.

1. All life involves suffering

2. Desire is the cause of suffering

3. The elimination of desire, ends suffering

4. Leading a disciplined life according to the Eightfold Path eliminates desire

In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering

the complete abandonment physical pleasures. The benefit, now cannot feel physical pain or loss, since one has accepted that his body is just a casket that he will shed upon death and reincarnation.

Nothing to excess, not too little or too much

The state of enlightenment for Buddhists.

Buddhist sect that focuses on a monastic lifestyle; older, more traditional; Gods/supernatural beings were not a large part of the sect

Living as a monk or nun in a religious community

a person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment

Blend of Mahayana Buddhism, Hinduism, and traditional Tibetan practices. Uses special teachers called Lamas, emphasizes awareness and preparedness for death.

A time in Chinese history when conflicting regions faced each other in conflicts; 476-221 BC

Founder of Confucianism

Collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius; considered one of the most important texts of Confucianism

An attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism.

Called for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion in Confucianism.

filial piety; respect and care for parents and ancestors

-Father/Son -Brother/Brother -Husband/Wife -Ruler/Subject -Friend/Friend

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Founder of Daoism

Important text of Daoism; "The Way and its Power"

Daoist concept of a disengagement from the affairs of the world; doing nothing is the best form of action

a Chinese philosophy that stressed the importance of government and laws; ended the Warring States period!

Founder of Legalism

In China, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the bureaucracy.

People that passed the Civil Service Exam and took their place as bureaucrats within Chinese society.

Christianity, Judaism, Islam

the monotheistic religion of the Jews.

Founder of Judaism

First five books of the Hebrew Bible

the 10 laws given by God to Moses

The promise that God would offer protection and land to Abraham and his descendants, but they must follow the path of God.

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

belief in only one god

Widely dispersed community as a result of natural disaster, politics or other reasons. Many communities have become diasporic throughout time starting with the Jews of Babylon in ancient history

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Founder of Christianity

The holy book of Christianity

founder and prophet of Islam

The holy book of Islam

Holy city of Islam

2nd holiest city of Islam

a peninsula in the Middle East; cradle of Islam

The term for all Muslims as a community.

The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca

Pilgrimage to Mecca

the obligation incumbent on all Muslims to follow and realize God's will

the system of Islamic law, based on interpretation of the Qu'ran

Muslim practice of wearing a hijab or veil

Islamic religious scholars

Islamic schools that helped provide unity in the empire (students learned similar material, religion, Arabic, interpretation of the Quran)

Islamic houses of worship

language of Islam

A branch of Islam whose members believe that the caliph should be chosen by leadership of the Islamic community

the branch of Islam whose members believed that the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad

More mystical third sect of Islam; less legalistic; MISSIONARIES!

an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.

Capital of the Umayyad Caliphate

Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories

People who converted to Islam

Religious tax imposed on non-Muslims living in Islamic empires

Capital of Abbasid Caliphate

Place of learning and research in the Abbasid Caliphate-scholars came from all over the world; the library collected texts from everywhere and allowed for the accumulation of knowledge in Afro-Eurasia

Islamic judges

Popular collection of Muslim folktales

Celebrated Islamic scholar during the "golden age" of Islam in Baghdad. He made contributions to astronomy (observatory & astronomical charts) law, ethics, mathematics, philosophy and medicine.

A Sufi master and poet. She is one of few medieval female Islamic mystics to have recorded their own views in writing.

constraining women to their homes; only allowing them to be in public with their husbands/other male family members

more maneuverable ships that could travel against the wind.

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

large groups of people that used camels and caravans to travel across the African desert; utilized for the trading of goods and also carried religion

inn or rest station for caravans/camels

Islamic Spain

the capital of al-Andalus

Nomadic horseman from Central Asia who had converted to Islam -Usurped the power of the Caliph -Continue military expansion

Slave soldiers from Central Asia (Turks) overthrew regional rulers and established their own state around 1250; "mamluk"--slave

Sultanate that did not extend far outside of Delhi; very large and powerful army; worked with Hindu kings to carry out policies

(589-618) Chinese dynasty that followed legalism, had lots of infrastructure projects (palaces, granaries, Great Wall, GRAND CANAL); conscription labor and high taxes

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. Completed during the Sui Empire, used for military purposes (transport/shipping lanes)

A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.

Forced labor of peasants in the Sui Dynasty that was used to build infrastructure (Grand Canal); caused hatred towards the government

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

A system first established during the Han Dynasty to regulate contact with foreign powers. States and tribes beyond its borders sent envoys bearing gifts and received gifts in return.

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

The first empress of the Tang dynasty; led with an iron fist and squashed her enemies so that no one would question her authority.