Anatomy

Below or further away from the head

Above or nearer to the head

Nearer to where a limb attaches to the body

Further away from where a limb attaches to the body

Behind or nearer to the back

The front or nearer to the front

Located inside or further away from the surface

Located on or near the surface

Further away from the midline of the body

Closer to the midline of the body

The skull, ribs/thoracic cage, sternum, vertebral column

Protects the brain, forms the orbit of the eyes, attachment to muscles, and structure to the face

Protects and supports internal organs, such as the heart and lungs

A flat bone that starts at the bottom of the throat and runs to about halfway down the center of the chest

Supports the spinal cord and head, provides articulation sites for ribs and innominate bones of the pelvic girdle

Smallest vertebrae, more movement than thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Restricts movement, ribs are attached to the side of each vertebrae

The biggest and strongest of the vertebrae, plays a major role in weight-bearing

Transmits weight from body to pelvis and legs

Tailbone

Anchors and supports the upper limbs, attachment site for muscles that move the arms

Supports and protects abdominal organs, transfers weight from upper body to lower limbs

Humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpals, and phalanges

Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges

Long cylindrical shaft, enlarged at both ends, important for movement (e.g., femur, metatarsals, clavicle)

Small and cube-shaped, articulate with more than one other bone (e.g., carpals, tarsals)

Curved surfaces, provide protection and muscle attachment (e.g., sternum, scapula, ribs, pelvis)

Specialized shapes and functions (e.g., vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)

Two end partitions of a long bone, covered by articular cartilage

Compact part of a long bone, long shaft covered by periosteum membrane

Membrane of a long bone for protection

Lighter and less dense than compact bone, contains red bone marrow

Smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones, reduces friction and absorbs shock

Soft fatty substance in bone cavities, produces blood cells (red marrow) and stores fat (yellow marrow)

External layer of bone, dense and filled with passageways for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic system

Space within the diaphysis where yellow marrow is stored

Joins bodily structures, reinforces joints, transports nutrients, made up of proteins and intercellular fluid

Very stable, no observable movement, joined by strong fibers called sutures

Allows slight movement, ends covered with fibrocartilage pads

Most common type, allows a wide range of movement, characterized by joint capsule and synovial membrane

Band of strong fibrous connective material, joins bone to bone and provides stability

Found between capsule, bone, or muscle, increases joint stability and reduces friction

Flexible discs of fibrocartilage, improves fit between bone ends and reduces wear and tear

Filled sac found between tendon and bone, reduces friction in high-stress areas

Smooth and spongy covers of the

Usually flat or slightly curved, slide across each other, with the least amount of movement

The articular surfaces have been fused so movement in one direction, joined by ligaments, movement is only allowed in one plane (extension/flexion)

The rounded surface of one bone that rolls around a ring formed by bone and ligament

A ball-shaped bone that fits into a cup

bone that fits into a bone shaped like the legs, and can move up, down, side to side

A sphere-shaped bone that fits into a rounded cavity, covered in cartilage to prevent friction and a high range of movements

The ability of the muscle to contract and generate a force when it is stimulated by a nerve

The ability to extend before its normal resting state

The muscle's ability to return to its original resting length

Muscle wastage, caused by lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, and disease

Growth and increase in the size of the muscle, most commonly as a result of weight training

A nerve that sends a signal for the muscle to contract

Gaseous exchange that occurs in the capillaries so oxygen can be delivered to the muscles

voluntary muscles that connect to bones and allows a wide range of movements and functions

involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in the heart and is responsible for the ability of the heart to pump blood

type of muscle that contracts without any voluntary control and are located in walls of hollow visceral organs (expect the heart)

Arteries that supply blood to the cerebellum and cerebrum

Arteries that surround the pituitary gland and form the Circle of Willis, allowing blood supply from carotid or vertebral arteries.

Internal and external branches that supply blood to the cerebrum and face, scalp, skull base, and neck, respectively.

Artery that originates from the subclavian artery and supplies blood to the brain.

Protective barrier that separates circulating blood from the brain's extracellular fluids.

Simple carbohydrate that provides fuel for the brain.

Essential for brain function, growth, and healing.

Vital nucleotide for brain function, enhancing nutrient delivery and waste removal.

Mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, loss of consciousness due to insufficient glucose or oxygen supply to the brain.

Slippery fluid that fills the joint capsule