arthropods

a protein that fleas use to jump

artificial heart valves, spinal discs, tennis shoes

1. versatile exoskeleton2)jointed appendages and striated muscles3) oxygen is piped directly into tissues and cells4) highly developed sensory organs5) complex behavioural patterns6) metamorphosis

• Jointed limbs- Exoskeleton- Heart with Ostia- Trachea- Compound eyes- Malpighian tubules- Mandibles- No cilia at any life stage- Tagmatization: allows functional specialization of 'groups offused & modified segments'

thin outer epicuticle and inner thicker procuticle

The outermost layer of the insect cuticle designed to prevent water loss. impermeable to water

inner thick layer of an arthropod shell that consists primarily of layers of protein and chitin

tough and resilient but flexible

cross-linking of proteins which darkens the cuticle

Shedding of the cuticle and growing a new, larger cuticle after the body rapidly enlarges.

4-7

because they are incased in a suit of rigid plates, the coelom fluid (haemocoel) plays NO major role in locomotion and is reduced- arthropods typically move by walking, swimming, or flying

open circulatory system- ostium

allows blood to enter heart from coelom but prevent it from leaving before it reaches the front

outgrowths of the skin/modified appendages covered by thin, but permeable exoskeleton

external

internal, and connected by spiracles- maximizes gas exchange

complex network of tubules that deliver oxygen directly to the animals tissues and cells

no, but vertabrates do .

how the trachea is connected to the internal environment- can open and close to reduce water loss.

NO, they are always open.

no. they lack haemolymph to bind oxygen

they use gills and transport oxygen in their blood, use hemocyanin

foregut, midgut, hind gut

highly muscular, breaks down food into small pieces to increase surface area

secretes enzymes to digest food and also absorbs nutrients

reabsorbs water

solid wastes via anus

gills and digestive glands

green (antennal) glands- connected to pores under antennae

excretory organs of spiders

found in most insects, arachnids, and myriapods

striated

• allow for voluntary muscle movements.- are attached to skeleton- have more mitochondria

• allows for much more rapid muscle contractions, this allows flight to be possible!

supraesophageal ganglion

protocerebrum, deutocetebrum, tritocerebrum

vision

processes sensory info from antennae

integrates sensory inputs from the protocerebrum and deutocerebrum

subesophageal ganglion

part of the ventral nerve cord, it's connected to the brain

• controls sensory organs and muscles of the mouthparts and salivary glands.

by a pair of ventral ganglionate nerve cord running along the length of the abdomen

they have no ganglia in abdomen or terminal

intricate mouthparts, statocysts, and antennae sensitive hairs on body can detect touch, water currents, or chemicals

sensory cells that help determine direction of gravity

they use ocelli and compound eyes insects usually have 2 compound eyes and 3 ocelli

non image forming, can only detect direction of light

typically 8. a few species have good eye sight.

compound eyes- hexagonal visual units 10x loner than wide.

rhabdom

photo receptor cells, into nerve signals the brain can understand.

ranges from 15- several thousand

the mantis shrimp.has at least 12 different photoreceptors.

arthropod fossils, 419ma

provided protection against desiccation, support against gravity, and means of locomotion that wasn't dependant on water.

thought to be monophyletic

chelicerate and mandibulata

pointed, fang like appendages, lacks jaws; used to grasp food. considered a subphyla

jaw like; used for chewing; divided into 3 extant subphyla

myriapods, crustacea, hexapods

extinct. no know descendants- had eyes of modern bees

horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, sea spiders.

• suck liquid from prey- no antennae-segmented (lost in acari)- no distinct head, 2 distinct portions the segments are organized into (tagmata)- 6 pairs of cephalothoracic appendages

• cephalothorax- fused head and thorax; called prosoma- abdomen (opisthosoma)

1 pair of chelicerae (fang like appendages, adjacent mouth)1 pair of pedipalps (in front of head)4 pairs of walking legs.

functions as an organ of touch and reproduction.

merostomata (horse shoe crabs), pychnogonida (sea spiders), arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks)

long tail- used as rudder to help flip itself overbook gills- respiration. mouth between their legs- 10 eyes

eurypterida and xiphosurida

extinct form of giant water scorpions.- may be longest arthropod

horseshoe crabs- not a crab or crustacean.- only 5 species left. behaviour based on mood and tidal cycles.- 10 eyes and can see uv light.

small clams, crustaceans, worms.

• crush hard food between their legs before passing it to their mouth.

• can lay 120 000 eggs a season. take 2 weeks to hatch.

6 times during their first year. 18x before they reproduce.

at 9-11 years old

sea spiders- not true spiders or even arachnids.

-mostly cephalothorax- abdomen reduced to a short stump.- variable number of walking legs

it has chelicerae at terminal- allows them to suck juices from soft-bodied animals.

Very slow moving

feed on immobile prey such as sponges and sea anemone

they have 2-4 simple eyes

extend well into legs

their guts ate hearts.

1. araneae (spiders) 2)scorpionida (scorpions) 3)solpugida (sun or caramel spiders) 4)opiliones (harvestmen) 5)acari (ticks and mites)

pedicel

ALL predaceous and largely feed on insects

functions as fangs and bear ducts from venom glands.

MOST do no have external segmentation on abdomen

the araneae the does have segmentation

• up to 4 pairs of coxal glands and Malpighian tubules for excretion

have book lungs, trachea, or both. ( other arachnid orders use only trachea)

organ in spiders that contains silk glands

steel of the same diameter

but ALL produce silk, it has many other uses -acts as a balloon underwater for air.

awaits prey on flowers to which they are matched (they camouflage)

male spins web, deposits drop of sperm on it.- inserts a pedipalp into females genital opening- female fertilizes egg in silken cocoon which she might carry or attach to a plant

in his pedipalps

hundres. they hatch in around 2 week

cannibalizing their mates but this doesnt actually happen all the time