Studied by 10 peoplecolumbian exchange
transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, and ideas among Europe, the Americas, and Africa
political localism
why the Holy Roman Empire couldn’t centralize power like the Western European monarchs
scholasticism
traditional Medieval learning (theology, logic, traditional Catholic writings)
Peace of Augsburg
Charles V’s act to end the Holy Roman Empire religious civil wars
putting out system
system used by entrepreneurs to work around strict town guild regulations to increase the scale scale production of fabrics/goods
Peter the Great
enhances Russia’s status by westernizing it
divine right of kings
monarchs as God’s earthly representatives
Alhambra Decree
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella’s decree to create a uniformly Christian population that gave conversos and Jews 4 months to either convert or leave
Christian Humanists
Northern Humanists, wanted to combine classical Renaissance ideals with traditional Christian virtues
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494 agreement signed by Spain and Portugal that divided the world into two spheres of influence
Romanov
dynasty ushered in by Russian nobles who hoped to restore order during the Time of Troubles
Erasmus
Prince of the Humanists, In Praise of Folly
absolute monarchy
most popular form of government in Europe in the 17-18th centuries, ruler had complete power and embodied the state’s sovereignty
Peace of Westphalia
series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years’ War
The Fronde
series of rebellions against Louis XIV after the deaths of Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIII
War of Spanish Succession
war fought to preserve the balance of power after rulers of other states become threatened by the idea of a French-led “universal monarchy”
paterfamilias
Ancient Roman idea identifying the family bond as a source of security with the father/husband as head of household
War of Austrian Succession
Prussia’s King Frederick the Great violated the Pragmatic Sanction and attacked Habsburg Silesia, and Habsburg ruler Maria Theresa (and allies Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Great Britain) fought for her empire against Prussia, France, and Spain
taille
French tax
viceroy
colonial rulers Spanish monarchs used to govern their American empires
joint stock companies
entities formed by English and Dutch merchants to maximize profits and limit risks
Christine de Pizan
The Treasure of the City of Ladies, refuted masculine myth
sola scriptura
scripture alone as Christian authority
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Neverlandish Proverbs, wrote about how Northern Renaissance artists emphasized ordinary people in their works
Galileo
scientific findings supporting Copernicus’s Heliocentric Theory, was convicted of heresy by the Roman Inquisition, house arrest for life
Diet of Worms
body Luther appeared before in 1521 where he refused to recant his beliefs
Machiavelli
The Prince, wrote about governing techniques focusing on an absolute ruler, “it is better to be feared than loved”
guilds
Medieval Era associations of craftsmen or merchants with power over a certain region, patrons of the arts
commercial revolution
period of economic expansion and colonialism that facilitated the transition of western Europe from an agrarian economy to commercial system
Louis XIV
“the sun king,” “I am the state", Palace of Versailles
Raphael
The School of Athens, used perspective
junkers
Prussian landowning class, strengthened by Frederick William who gained their loyalty in exchange for full power over German serfs
Pragmatic Sanction
Charles VI’s act to ensure safe succession for his daughter, Maria Theresa, stating that the Habsburg lands were indivisible and she would inherit them
intendant system
nobles replaced by royal officials from the bourgeoisie to centralize French power (tax collecting, implementing royal policies, arms of monarchs)
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
implemented mercantilist policies, increased domestic manufacturing, raised royal revenues, economic growth, decreased debt
Edict of Nantes
issued by Henry IV to stabilize France after wars of religion protecting Huguenots, revoked by Louis XIV
Petrarch
“Father of Humanism,” criticized medieval learning, praised Cicero
robe nobles
bought status from Henry IV, new money nobles, countering old money nobles
mercantilism
measure of the wealth of a country by how much gold and silver accumulated through colonial trade
Note
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