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1861- FORMATION OF INDEPENDENT ITALY + everything wrong with it before 1914
independence from Austria (risorgimento)
Italy still divided (poor agricultural South, rich industrial North)
catholic church retained its own separate state (was also a separate political fraction causing disturbance)
liberal monarchy before 1914 was weak.
unification wasn’t complete
domination of liberals (reforming education=state education, break away from CC, stimulation of economical progress)
1870 - INCORPORATION OF PAPAL STATES
Catholic hostility against the new Italian Kingdom (lasts into 20th century)
1900 - RISTRICTION OF VOTING RIGHTS
trasformismo (transformism)
Italian political term used in the late 19th century. It refers to the practice of politicians switching parties for personal gain, often leading to unstable governments.
1904 - GENRAL STRIKE
SEPTEMBER 1909 - MUSSOLINI WORKS FOR ITALIAN SOCIALIST PARTY
SEPTEMBER 1911 - INVASION OF LIBYA
NOVEMBER 1912 - MUSSOLINI EDITOR OF SOCIALIST NEWSPAPER ‘AVANTI!‘
JUNE 1914 - RED WEEK
OCTOBER 1914 - MUSSSOLINI EXPELLED FROM ISP
NOVEMBER 1914 - MUSSOLINI FOUNDS Il Popolo d’Italia
May 1915 - Italy signs Treaty of London (participation in WW1)
January 1919 - biennio rosso starts; Arditi Association in Rome
bienno rosso
March 1919 formation of Fascio di Combattimento
September 1919 - D’Annunzio takes Fiume
September 1920 - wave of factory occupations, socialists’ electoral W
May 1921 - Mussolini forms National Bloc electoral alliance w/ Giolitti/ 35 facists elected including Mussolini
August 1921 Pact of Pacification betweeen facists and socialists
October 1921 - formation of Partito Nazionale Facista
November 1921 Mussolini elected leader of PNF
Jul-Aug 1922 general strike broken up by fascist violence
October 1922 March on Rome, Mussolini appointed as prime minister
1915 RADIANT DAYS OF MAY
November 1917 Manifesto to the Nation published
July 1918 Mussolini formally renounces socialism
March 1919 formation of Foscio di Combattimento in Milan
June 1919 Foscist Programme published
November 1919 first use of proportional represantation in elections; no fascist elected
September 1922 Mussolini’s speech in Udine
December 1923 Chigi Palace Pact
1925 Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals published; Vidoni Palace Pact
July 1926 Ministry of Corporations established
corporate state
October 1926 Turati replaces Farinacci as party secretary; Rocco’s Law
April 1927 Charter of Labour introduced
May 1928 new electoral law introduced; restriction of franchise to males belonging to fascist syndicates; power of king reduced
March 1930 National Council of Corporations established
1933 Doctrine of Fascism published
1938 Chamber of Fasci and Corporations replaces Chamber of Deputies
November 1922 Mussolini given emergency power
December 1922 establishment of Fascist Grand Council
January 1923 formation of national fascist militia
July 1923 Acebro Law
March 1924 fascist violence against opposition
a
April 1924 elections held; fascists & allies win a large majority
June 1924 Matteotti abducted and killed
August 1924 Aventine Secession
January 1925 end ‘Matteotti crisis‘
February 1925 Farinacci secretary of National Fascist Party
July 1925 control of press exerted
August 1925 fascist podesta controls provinces
podesta
January 1926 Mussolini takes power to rule by decree
April 1926 Rocco’s Law on labour relations passed (executed in October)
November 1926 internal exile (confino) for political prisoners
April 1927 formation of OVRA
June 1940 Italy joins WW2
1942 allied bombing of Italy
July 1943 Mussolini brought down by coup
September 1943 Italy surrenders, formation of Salo Republic (Italian Social Republic)
April 1945 Mussolini arrested and shot
1922 law to break up large estates (not enforced)
1924 Battle over the Southern Problem
1925 Battle for Grain; Vidoni Pact
1926 Battle for Land, Battle for Lira
1927 Battle for Births, formation of the ONB, Charter of Labour
1928 Catholic Scout organisation banned
1929 Lateran Treaty and Concordat
1931 same-sex relations illeegal, laws against abortion and divorce passed
1933 IRI set up
1936 Rome-Berlin Axis signed between Nazi Germany and Italy
membership of GIL compulsory
July 1938 Charter of Race drawn up
Sep-Nov 1938 Racial laws and decrees carried out
risorgimento
‘rebirth’, literary and cultural revival in italy after 1815. movement campaigned against: division withing Italy and foreign domination, called for political unification.
they made the unification and independence happen. nationalists.
autarky
policy of economic independnce
Note
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