10 - Chemistry unit 1.5-1.10

• gases or brittle dull solids

• bad for conducting heat + electricity

• solid at room temperature except Br

1A (Alkali) + 2A (alkali earth)

• elements that border the stair step line

• semimetals

• physical and chemical properties of both or one of metal/non metal

7 periods

7A (halogens) + 8A (noble gases)

• shiny when smooth + clean

• solid at room temperature

• good conductors of heat + electricity

• most are malleable + ductile

rows, also called periods tell us the number of orbitals an element has

elements in groups 1-8

metals, non metals and metalloids

there is a periodic repetition of chemical + physical properties of the elements when arranged by increasing atomic number

columns, also known as groups sort elements based on properties + number of valence electrons

8 groups

• made of metal + non metal

• bond is medium strength

• produce formula units

• can have crystalline structures

fixed

to be stable

• easily dissociated in solution

• when dissolved in H2O, conducts electricity “electrolytes”

bonds within the same compound

positive + negative

ionic + covalent

tendency of elements to lose or gain electrons to gain full valency

+ = cation

- = anion

the smallest unit of an ionic compound (NaCl = 1 sodium + 1 Chlorine)

• non metallic ions + non metallic ions

• the bond is strong

• from molecules that exist by themselves

• do not conduct electricity when dissolved in water

a) by increasing group #

b) by decreasing atomic #

7

1- mono 2- di 3- tri 4- tetra 5- penta

while ionic bonds give and take electrons, covalent bonds share them

6- hexa 7- hepta 8- octa 9- nona 10- deca

(prefix + name of 1st non metal) + (prefix + root name of 2nd non metal + ide)

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxide, fluorine, chlorine, bromine + iodine

1. an odd # of valence electrons + cannot form an octet

2. compounds with fewer than 8 electrons around an atom

3. compounds that exceed 8 valence electrons (but are still stable)

a) Sodium Sulfate

b) CuCl2

c) Potassium Permanganate

2 elements covalently bounded bonding ionically with a metal

Name of compound + latin prefix (1-10)-hydrate

example:sodium carbonate decahydrate

hydrogen + oxygen + 1 element

hydrogen + 1 element

CaCO3 x 7 H2O

Compound ending in “ate”:

…ic acid

compound ending in “ite”:

…ous acid

a compound that contains water molecules in between crystal lattice structures

a) phosphoric acid

b) HF

c) nitrous acid

given = want/have

given mol x grams/1 mol = _grams

given g x 1 mol/grams = _mols

a covalent compound

6.022 x 10^23

p -> m

given p x 1 mol/ 6.022 x 10^23 p = _mol

m -> p

given m x 6.022 x 10^23/ 1 mol = _p