AP Bio Unit 7 Test

darwin recognized that the effects of competition for resources in nature produced a similar result, as the process of a breeder who chooses organisms with specific phenotypes to pass on to the next generation.

evolution

The variable, that one manipulates controls or varies in an experimental study to explore its effects

The variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment

mutations, genetic drift, and migration

some individuals may be able to survive longer, in reproduce more than other members of the same species, thereby passing their genes to subsequent offspring, which could result in a change to the populations characteristics overtime

The changing of the structure of a gene resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion insertion or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die, or do not reproduce

A feature that arose and was favored by natural selection for its current function. helps an organism survive, and or reproduce in its current environment

The loss of genetic variation that occurs after outside forces destroy most of the population. The few individuals left to reproduce past their traits onto all of their offspring, which then may thrive without the competition of a large population

The accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation. It is typically exhibited when two populations become separated by a geographic barrier in experience different selective pressures that drive adaptations to their new environment.

occurs when organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar features or behaviors often as solutions to the same problems. The process can result in matching body shapes, color patterns, or abilities.

The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches

A change in gene frequency within a population

features of different species that are similar in function, but not necessarily in structure in which do not derive from a common ancestral feature and which evolved in response to a similar environmental change

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

The transfer of genetic material from one population to another. It can take place between two populations of the same species through migration and is mediated by reproduction and vertical gene transfer from parent to offspring.

The separation of different species, to keep them from creating offspring by preventing the gametes from forming a zygote

A mechanism of evolution. Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success. This process causes species to change and diverge overtime.

occurs when a species separates into two separate groups that are isolated from one another. A physical barrier makes it impossible for them to bleed with one another.

involves the splitting of an ancestral species, into two or more reproductively, isolated groups without geographical isolation of those groups

when evolution occurs rapidly after a long period of stasis

Selection towards one extreme phenotype

Selection towards the mean, and against the extreme phenotypes

Selection against the mean. Both phenotypic extremes have the highest relative fitness.

The match of a species to a specific environmental condition

The natural home or environment of a plant, animal or other organism

A hypothesis, a theory, or a tenet, assuming that change comes about gradually, or that variation is gradual in nature and happens over time as opposed to in large steps

resulted in organic compounds in amino acids forming

it's supported by evidence that some organelles and eukaryotes have their own DNA similar to that of prokaryotes

A form of reproductive, isolation, in which reproduction between two populations generally two species that are capable of interbreeding is restricted, because each population occupies a different habitat

A reproductive barrier which prevents interbreeding between distinct but closely related species due to the differences in timing of mating receptivity, activity, or fertility

when species are reproductively, isolated from others due to differences in behavior

A physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms. It is a type of biotic barrier, where no fertilization occurs in thus reproduction does not occur. It includes any physical barrier that prevents mating.

occurs when the two organisms/species mate successfully, but cannot form a zygote (prezygotic mechanism)

describes offspring that have a lower rate of survival than the parent species. This reduces the likelihood of the hybrid offspring surviving to sexual maturity.

another type where the hybrid is viable, but is sterile, and cannot produce offspring

A type of reproductive failure that appears after the F2 generation of crosses between different species or sub species. It is caused by incompatibility between interacting genes.

fossil record, comparative morphology, biogeography, and DNA/genetic information

p²+ 2pq + q² = 1
p²= percentage of homozygous dominant
2pq= percentage of heterozygous
q²= percentage of homozygous recessive

p = frequency of dominant allele

q = frequency of recessive allele