Genetics Final Exam

________ must be replicated in order for cells to divide and pass on genetic information to their daughter cells.

________: An enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand of DNA during replication.

________: An enzyme that relieves the tension caused by the unwinding of DNA during replication.

________: The process of converting a sequence of nucleotides in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein.

________: The final step of translation, where the ribosome reaches a stop codon and the protein is released from the ribosome.

During ________, a pre- mRNA molecule is synthesized and then modified to form a mature mRNA molecule.

________: A complex molecular machine that reads the sequence of codons in mRNA and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to form a protein.

There are three stages of translation: initiation, ________, and termination.

________: An enzyme that unwinds the double helix structure of DNA, allowing other enzymes to access the individual strands.

________: A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA and allows the tRNA to recognize and bind to the correct codon.

________: An enzyme that synthesizes short RNA primers that provide a starting point for DNA synthesis.

________: the random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

protects the mRNA from degradation and helps it bind to ribosomes for translation.

Proteins that bind to DNA to prevent it from re- forming a double helix.

the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment.

________ is the process of creating a new strand of DNA from an existing template strand.

________ is the process of removing introns (non- coding regions) from pre- mRNA and joining together the exons (coding regions) to form mature mRNA.

________ is a process in sexual reproduction where any sperm can fertilize any egg, resulting in a genetically unique offspring.

________: Transfer RNA, a small RNA molecule that carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome and matches it to the appropriate codon in mRNA.

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between ________ during meiosis.

MRNA: ________, a single- stranded RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

________: A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or a stop signal during translation.

________: Short, discontinuous fragments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during replication.

________ neutralizes the positive charge on lysine, loosening the interaction between histones and DNA. Results in more gene expression

________ has a proofreading function that checks for errors in the newly synthesized DNA strand.

________ is an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

tRNA molecule

a string of adenine nucleotides that also protects the mRNA from degradation and helps regulate its stability and translation efficiency.

________ in genetics is the process by which the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

Priming: An enzyme called ________ adds a short RNA primer to the template strand, which serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

________: The process ends when the DNA polymerase reaches the end of the template strand or encounters a(n) ________ signal.

________ (transfer RNA) plays a crucial role in building the polypeptide chain by carrying amino acids to the ribosome.

________ is a complex process that is essential for the replication and division of cells.

________: The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 different amino acids that can be combined in various sequences to form a protein.

is a multifunctional enzyme that plays a role in both replication and repair.

The process begins when an enzyme called helicase unwinds the double- stranded DNA molecule.

has 5 'to 3 'polymerase activity and 3 'to 5 'exonuclease activity, which allows it to proofread and correct errors in dna synthesis

The first step of translation, where the ribosome assembles on the mRNA and the first tRNA carrying the amino acid methionine binds to the start codon.

An __________ is a protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and binds to specific foreign substances, such as viruses or bacteria, in order to neutralize or eliminate them from the body.

An __________ is a substance that triggers an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.

A __________ is a type of enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition sites.

Definition: Common genetic variations that occur when a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence is altered. These variations can impact gene function and influence disease susceptibility.

Recombinant DNA is a type of DNA that has been artificially created by combining DNA sequences from different sources. This is typically done in a laboratory setting using techniques such as genetic engineering. The resulting DNA molecule contains genetic material from multiple organisms and can be used to produce proteins or other biological molecules.