Serology Review

blood typing

= class evidence

DNA profiling

= individual evidence

cells are present in __ % in blood

45%

different kinds of cells

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

plasma is present in __ % in blood

55%

plasma is __ % water

90%

plasma contains

dissolved proteins, O2, wastes, nutrients

serum can

determine the freshness of a blood sample

forensic serology

determination of the type and characteristics of blood

blood is the most common and most important piece of

evidence

bloodstain patterns tell a lot about

position and movement during the crime

blood is a slightly

alkaline fluid made up of water, cells and proteins

no 2 individuals except for identical twins can be expected to have the same combination of

blood types or antigens

red blood cells transport

oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs

on the surface of the red blood cells are chemical substances called

antigens

an antibody will react with only

a specific antigen

agglutination is the clumping together of red blood cells by the action of

an antibody

the term serology

describes the study of all body fluids

luminol

reagent reacts with blood causing it to luminesce

blood can be characterized as being of human origin by the

percipin test

approx. 80% of the population is classified as

secretors

O

people with type __ blood are called universal donors because they can give blood to anyone

hemoglobin

protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen

lcv

test used at a crime scene to enhance a bloodstain to make it more visible in photographs

passive

type of blood stain created by the force of gravity and appears as drops or blood pools

platelets

clot together to prevent blood loss from a wound

projected

bloodstain that is created when a force is applied to the source of the blood

AB

people with type _____ blood are called universal recievers because they can receive from anyone

red blood cells are the

most abundant cells in our body that are produced in the bone marrow

rh factor

indicated the presence of a specific protein; discovered while studying the rhesus monkeys

spatter

bloodstains created by the application of force to the area where the blood is orginated

spines

pointed edges of a droplet that radiate out from the spatter and can help to determine the direction of force

transfer

patterns created when a bloody object comes in contact with another surface; also called contact patterns

type A

blood type that contains A agglutinogens

agglutinogens

an antigen that stimulates the production of an agglutinin

an antibody, lectin, or other substance that causes agglutination

agglutinin

type AB

blood type that contains both A and B agglutinogens

type B

blood type that contains B agglutinogens

type O

blood type that does not contain A or B agglutinogens

white blood cells

Component of blood that is part of our immune system and destroy pathogens in our body

if you find a trail of blood with droplets that are very close together what could this mean

it could possibly be that the person who was bleeding was moving very slowly

spatter

bloodstains created from the application of force to the area where the blood originated

origin

the place from where the blood spatter came from

angle of impact

the angle at which a blood droplet strikes a surface

parent drop

the droplet from which a satellite spatter orginates

satellite

small drops of blood that breaks off from the parent spatter when the blood droplet hits a surface

this type of pattern is described as being created from the force of gravity

passive

projected patterns create

patterns that occur when a force is applied to the source of the blood

transfer

the pattern created when a wet bloody object comes in contact with a target source

projected

the bloody footprint found on the scene

passive

this is the type of blood stain that results from a gun shot wound

transfer

the blood stain that results from blood blown out of the nose

the type of blood stain that would be found on clothing

transfer

lcd

test used at a crime scene to enhance a bloodstain to make it more visable in photographs

erythrocyte

is a red blood cell that (in humans)

red blood cells do not have

a nucleus

leukocyte

a white blood cell

a white blood cell has

a nucleus

if blood clumps, proteins are

present

serology

the examination and analysis of body fluids

presumptive tests

analyses a sample to determine if a substance is or is not a substance

one type of a presumptive test

kastle meyer

kastle meyer color test

a mix of phenolphtalein and hydrogen peroxide

luminol test

reaction with blood to produce blue light

blue light

luminescence

in the kastle meyer test:

the hemoglobin will cause the ofrmation of a deep pink if blood is present

another type of presumptive test for blood is called

luminol test

a kind of test to determine if blood is human at a crime scene

microscopic examination

another kind of test to determine if blood is human at a crime scene

precipitin test

precipitin test

blood is injected into

animals blood has larger red blood cells with a

nucleus

cohesion

blood sticks together as it falls

gravity

pulls blood downward

surface tension

blood drops that fall on a flat surface have a curved surface

edges may have spikes or

extentions

satellites

small secondary droplets

how many different kinds of blood spatter are there

6 different types

passive fall

90 degree angle to the floor

passive fall will cause ____ drops

perfect circular drops

arterial spurts or gushes

when u cut an artery

splashes

show position of victim

smears

bleeding victim touching walls or furniture

blood trails

victim moving from one place to another

blood pools

victim bleed heavily

cast off pattern

blood from a moving object coated in blodo

cast off pattern could be from

a pipe or a knife

fine mist spatter

high velocity impact

fine mist spatter could be from

a gunshot

void

empty space

secondary spatter

upward splash of blood from a drip

medium velocity examples

beating or stabbing

pointed end of stain faces its

direction of travel

degree of circular distortion tells us the angel of

blood projection

to confirm the stain is human

enzyme-linked immunoassay

to determine the blood type do

the antibody test

round shape of blood drop

if it falls down straight at a 90 degree angle

elliptical shape of a blood drop

blood droplets elongate as the angle decreases from 90 to 0 degrees

lines of convergence

determines the source of blood (point of origin)