Ap Unit 6 Terms

Number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19

A member-owned, member-governed business that operates for the benefit of its members according to common principles agreed upon by the international cooperative community

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development

A process of improvement in the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

An alternative to international trade that provides greater equality to workers, small businesses, and consumers, focusing primarily on products exported from developing countries to developed countries

The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country

An indicator used by the UN to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education of life expectancy

An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the extent of each country’s gender equality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not accounting for the money that leaves and enters the country

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that enters and leaves the country

An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the level of development of a country through a combination of income, education, and life expectancy

A modification of the HDI to account for inequality

The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)

Provision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries

Eight goals adopted by the UN in 2002 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2015

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of minerals from Earth, generally through agriculture

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labour needed to make it

The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming,and assembling raw materials

Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions international trade

Seventeen goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment

The gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy

The accumulation of acid on the Earth’s surface

Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog

Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air

Power supplied by animals or people

Fuel derived from wood, plant material, or animal waste

The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

An industry in which the final product weighs more than or comprises a greater volume than the inputs

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs

A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams in fire extinguishers

The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid

Manufacturing based in homes rather than factories, most common prior to the industrial revolution

The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy

An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks

The anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

An industry for which labour costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses

A factory built by a US company in Mexico near the US border, to take advantage of the much lower labour costs in Mexico

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from developed to less developed countries

The use of water that is returned to nature as liquid

Pollution that comes from a large, diffuse area

A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted

A decision by a corporation to turn over much responsibility for production to independent suppliers

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 20 kilometers (9-30 miles) above Earth’s surface

Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices

An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions

Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source

Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, and land

Adoption by companies of flexible work roles, such as the allocation of of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks

The amount of a resource of deposits not yet identified but thought to exist

The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits

The separation, collection, processing, marketing and reuse of unwanted material

The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people

A US law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage every day to reduce emissions of odors and gasses from the decaying trash, minimize fires, and to discourage vermin

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process