Studied by 7 peopleWhich of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.?
A. Christianity completely supplanted Amerindian religious beliefs and practices shortly after the conquest.
B. Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity.
C. Amerindians' resistance to Christianity resulted in widespread European conversions to indigenous religions.
D. Amerindian religious beliefs and practices were respected by Europeans who considered them equal to Christian beliefs
B. Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity
Which of the following was a major change in transregional trade patterns from 1500 to 1700 ?
A. Japanese fleets gained control over most Pacific Ocean trade routes.
B. European manufactured goods came to dominate trans-Saharan trade.
C. Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade.
D. Silk Road trade routes came under the control of Mongol rulers.
C. Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade.
Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas?
A. The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole
B. The increasingly common use of European names in the Americas
C. New maritime technology facilitating long-term voyages by Europeans
D. The introduction of slavery to the Americas after the voyages of Columbus
A. The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole
The images above best provide evidence of which of the following consequences of colonial expansion in the period 1450 to 1750?
A. The extension of regional trading networks and the consolidation of centralized power
B. The spread of new food crops and the development of syncretic forms of religion
C. The restructuring of the family and the growth of the plantation economy
D. The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles
D. The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles
Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450—1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following technological developments best supports this contention?
A. The compass
B. Silk weaving
C. Steam power
D. The stirrup
A. The compass
“Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: ‘What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.’ . . .
*Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533
Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,
letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570
Which of the following was the most important long-term effect of the European acquisition of the wealth and resources of the Americas, as alluded to in the passage?
A. A lasting shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia
B. The decline of feudalism in Europe
C. A decrease in the influence of Christianity worldwide
D. The end of Chinese maritime exploration in the Indian Ocean
A. A lasting shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia
“Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as ‘dancing,’ and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle.”
*religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire
Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656
Which of the following conclusions regarding the Ottoman Empire is best supported by the passage?
A. Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups.
B. Many members of the Ottoman religious establishment practiced Sufism.
C. Ottoman rulers promoted an inclusive and tolerant interpretation of Islamic doctrine.
D. Ottoman policies toward Sufism caused conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim states.
A. Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups.
The painting shows celebrations of the wedding of the Muslim ruler of Golkonda and his Hindu bride. The newlyweds are surrounded by attendants of both religions.
Based on the location of the painting, it can be inferred that its primary purpose was to
A. inspire religious devotion among the Golkonda rulers’ ordinary subjects
B. serves as a model for Indian court painters in training
C. bolster the legitimacy of the Golkonda dynasty by celebrating its past
D. impress foreign dignitaries and other visitors with the might of the Golkonda military forces
C. bolster the legitimacy of the Golkonda dynasty by celebrating its past
The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800?
A. Sugarcane
B. Potatoes
C. Cattle
D. Tobacco
A. Sugarcane
The Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire before 1700 C.E. shared which of the following characteristics?
A. Both empires were able to expand without meeting strong resistance.
B. Both empires formally restricted foreign trade.
C. Both empires were ruled by a single religious official.
D. Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.
D. Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.
In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right).
In the context of the period 1450–1750, which of the following most likely explains why the Qing government employed the scholars shown in the image?
A. States sought to recruit foreign experts to industrialize their economies.
B. States sought to legitimize their rule by recruiting foreigners from prestigious universities.
C. States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy.
D. States sought to recruit foreigners who could help factions within the state bureaucracies solve their differences.
C. States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy.
Historians consider the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be a time of great change in cultivation methods and in the physical landscape of Latin America.
Which of the following pairings was most responsible for these changes?
A. Terraces and cacao
B. Encomiendas and corn
C. Horses and potatoes
D. Slave labor and sugar
D. Slave labor and sugar
*Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India.
The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following?
A. The establishment of plantation economies
B. The spread of printing-press technology
C. The development of trading-post empires
D. The decline of Asian states such as the Mughal Empire
C. The development of trading-post empires
*Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India.
The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450–1750 ?
A. Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods.
B. European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region.
C. Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants.
D. European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions.
A. Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods.
*Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India.
The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450–1750 ?
A. Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions.
B. Church authorities argued that religious diversity should be respected and protected.
C. The intensification of cross-cultural interactions resulted in the development of syncretic religions.
D. Religious motivations for European exploration and colonization were secondary to economic motivations.
A. Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions.
“Last Will and Testament
I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner:
I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time.
I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children.
I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis, to be paid to my granddaughter.
I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me.”
*currency unit in colonial Brazil
Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823
The passage best supports which of the following statements?
A. A small number of women were able to acquire wealth and property on their own.
B. Slaves were permitted to maintain families of their own.
C. Women contributed to the family income by weaving textiles.
D. Women were the legal heads of the household in most families.
A. A small number of women were able to acquire wealth and property on their own.
A historian researching the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the period 1600—1800 would find which of the following sources most useful for determining patterns in the points of origin, the destinations, and the numbers of slaves involved in the trade?
A. Census and tax records of European settlers in the Americas
B. Legal regulations pertaining to enslaved and freed Africans in British colonies
C. Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade
D. pamphlets published by antislavery societies
C. Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade
Which of the following would best support the conclusion that the Columbian Exchange involved more profound consequences than did earlier biological exchanges in world history?
A. Previous exchanges did not involve societies at radically different levels of technological development.
B. Previous exchanges did not involve the world’s two hemispheres.
C. The Columbian Exchange involved the peaceful transfer of animals, plants, and diseases.
D. The Columbian Exchange was accompanied by the spread of missionary religions.
B. Previous exchanges did not involve the world’s two hemispheres.
MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A GLOBE, SOUTH ASIA, 1617
Image 2
MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A PICTURE OF THE VIRGIN MARY, SOUTH ASIA, 1620
Jahangir holding a picture of the Madonna, inscribed in Persian: Jahangir Shah, Mughal, 1620 (detail of 57393) / National Museum of India, New Delhi, India / Bridgeman Images
The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 2 is best seen as evidence of which of the following?
A. The Mughals’ toleration of different religious traditions within their state
B. Indian artisans producing artistic works for export markets
C. The increased sponsorship of artists by new economic elites
D. Jahangir’s creation of a syncretic belief system incorporating Christianity and Islam
A. The Mughals’ toleration of different religious traditions within their state
Japanese authorities required suspected Japanese Christians to tread on fumi-e plates based on the belief that Christians would refuse to disrespect images of Jesus Christ and other Christian religious figures.
The use of objects such as the one shown in the image best illustrates which of the following historical processes from 1450 to 1750?
A. Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs.
B. Political leaders in Asia commissioned works of art to legitimize their rule.
C. Religious conversion by state rulers was often followed by the mass conversion of state populations.
D. The territorial expansion of Asian land-based empires limited European influence in many parts of Asia.
A. Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs.
Japanese authorities required suspected Japanese Christians to tread on fumi-e plates based on the belief that Christians would refuse to disrespect images of Jesus Christ and other Christian religious figures.
In which of the following regions between 1450 and 1750 was Christian missionary activity met with the LEAST amount of resistance by non-European states?
A. The Americas
B. The Middle East
C. The Indian subcontinent
D. Central Asia
A. The Americas
“In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less.”
Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556
Navarro’s economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following?
A. The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic
B. The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy
C. The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins
D. The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas
B. The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy
“Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own.”
Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to
The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450–1750 in that
A. in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity
B. in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states
C. in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity
D. in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively
B. in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states
Image 1
Ivory tip for a king’s ceremonial scepter showing a female ancestor spirit, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800
Image 2
Female figure on a crucifix, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800
Kongo. Crucifix. Stone, pigment, 13 x 6 1/2 x 2 1/2 in. (33.0 x 16.6 x 6.4 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Museum Expedition 1922, Robert B. Woodward Memorial Fund, 22.240.
The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450–1750?
A. The spread of Ethiopian cultural traditions in West Africa
B. The influence of the Columbian Exchange on artistic traditions
C. The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread
D. The intensification of pre-existing religious conflicts and rivalries
C. The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread
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