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Government "of, for, and by the people"; government in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives; rule by the ruled.

The principle of making decisions based on the preferences of the majority.

The concept that political power should be held by the common people.

Educated citizen, intellectual freedom, economic security, majority rule, freedom to form political parties, popular agreement that democracy will work, the individual is considered important.

Greece is in Southern Europe, surrounded by seas (Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Ionian Sea), bordered by Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, and Turkey.

Ancient civilization found on the island of Crete, known for religious rituals, dancing, and athletic exhibitions.

Flourished in mainland Greece, coined by Heinrich Schliemann, associated with the Trojan War.

Period of decline and instability in Greece, marked by attacks from invaders and the end of Mycenaean power.

Greeks relied on the spoken word, produced great bards like Homer, heroism was valued.

Greeks rediscovered the arts of civilization, engaged in long-range trade, developed political institutions based on rationality and equality.

Membership in a polis (city-state), participation in political and religious activities, acceptance of laws, right to own land (extended only to males).

Assembly or ecclesia, Agora (marketplace) for discussions, Areopagus (Council of Elders), archons (state officials).

Belief in rational thinking and freedom of thought, speech, and action.

Military technique and organization developed by the Greeks, heavily armored infantry in a close-order battle formation.

Panhellenic Games held in Olympia, featured various events including the Pentathlon and later expanded to include stade, dolichos, wrestling, boxing, chariot race, horse race, and pankration.

Games held exclusively for women, limited to sprint races shorter in distance than those for men.

Initially observed for one month, later extended to three months.

Abolished the Games in 393 BCE, Olympics resumed in 1896 and continue to be held every four years.

Polytheistic with twelve principal gods known as the Olympian gods.

Believed to be the palace of Zeus, where the Olympian gods were believed to live.

God of the sea.

Father of the gods, sky god, lord of justice and universal order.

God of wine.

Goddess of love and beauty.

God of reason and intellect, medicine and music.

Messenger of the gods.

Goddess of marriage, wife of Zeus.

Goddess of wisdom and handicraft.

Goddess of chastity, the Moon, and the hunt.

Goddess of agriculture.

God of fire and metalcraft.

A medium, often a Pythian priestess, who gave ambivalent answers that could be interpreted in different ways.

The most famous oracle, located at the temple of Apollo on the southern slope of Mount Parnassus.

Greek colonization and commercial expansion.

Anyone who could not speak Greek was considered a barbarian.

Brought Greeks together in pursuit of the same virtues and ideals.

Colonies established by the Greeks in Southern Italy, Sicily, Southern France, Southern Spain, and North Africa.

Rule of the people, based on equality and freedom.

Introduced political reforms in Athens, including mandatory attendance and participation in the Assembly.

Tyrants who ruled Athens.

Reformer who established new political institutions in Athens.

A "Police State" where the interests of the state took precedence over individual rights.

Important leader who created the laws that shaped Sparta as an authoritarian state.

Spartiates, Perioeci, and Helots.

Large and strong hoplite army made up of full-rank citizens who were prohibited from having any other profession except being a soldier.

Spartiates were considered "equals" because they each received a land allotment and had one vote in the Assembly.

Series of conflicts between the Persians and the Greeks, starting with the Persian conquest of the Ionian peninsula.

Strengthened Athenian democracy, built a commercial empire, and oversaw the construction of the Parthenon.

Period of Athenian ascendancy and cultural achievements.

Wars between Athens and Sparta, resulting in the decline of Athens and the reassertion of Greek states' independence.

The belief in an orderly universe governed by constant and absolute laws, which could be understood through reason.

Lecturers on culture, rhetoric, and politics who used bogus reasoning in their arguments to win rather than discover the truth.

Greek philosopher who believed that true knowledge could be gained through dialogue and systematic questioning.

Tutor of Alexander the Great, advocated reason as the primary tool for discovering knowledge and developed the concept of syllogism.

Macedonian king who created one of the greatest empires in history, conquering lands from Asia Minor to India.

Philosophy that pursued human happiness through freedom from pain and the enjoyment of simple pleasures.

Philosophy that found happiness in accepting the laws of the universe and advocated virtue over pleasure.

Estimated the earth's circumference, known as the "Father of Geometry."

Calculated the value of pi, developed principles of the lever and pulley.

Formulated the Pythagorean theorem in geometry.

Formulated the first atomic theory.

Greek physician known as the "Father of Medicine," believed in maintaining health through cleanliness and moderation.

Known as the "Father of History," wrote about the Persian Wars.

Wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars, considered the creator of objective historical science.

Tragedians of ancient Greece.

Greatest comedy writer of ancient Greece.

Sculptor known for works in the Parthenon and representations of Zeus and Athena.

Sculptor known for proportion and rhythm in his works.