AP Psychology Chapter 8: Memory

the persistence of learning overtime through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of saved when learning material again

the processing of information into the memory system

the process of retaining information over time

the process of getting information out of memory storage

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

immediate, brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

active memory that holds a few items briefly

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming audition, visual, spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli ; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimulus=; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

organization of items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

encoding is more effective when it is spread over time

retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced effect (encoding is very affective)

encodes on a very basic level (word’s letters) ir a more intermediate level (word’s sound)

encodes semantically based on word meaning

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

the neural storage of a long-term memory

not free from errors; unique and highly emotional moment nay give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid, stimulation

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

the tendency to recall experience that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

inability to form new memories

inability to access old memories

occurs when older memory makes it more difficult to remember new information

occurs when new learning disrupts memory for older information

a defense mechanism tha6 banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

the neurobiological stabilization of a consolidated memory

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

involves faulty memory for how, when or where information was learned or imagined

is sense that “I’ve experienced this before”