Studied by 62 peoplePhotorespiration
The process by which in the presence of light plant consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide (in stead of fixing carbon dioxide) during photosynthesis, resulting in a decrease in photosynthetic output since no ATP is produced and carbon (as well as nitrogen in the form of ammonia) is lost inevitably
Oxidized
The loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion during a chemical reaction.
Reduced
The gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion during a chemical reaction.
Chemiosmosis
The process by which the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, typically the inner mitochondrial membrane in cellular respiration, is coupled with the synthesis of ATP.
What colors does chlorophyll absorb
Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light
What colors does chlorophyll reflect
Chlorophyll reflects green light
Purpose of Photosystem II
Photosystem II captures light energy and initiates the electron transport chain in photosynthesis.
Purpose of Photosystem I
Photosystem I takes in new electrons to re-excite the tired electrons.
Light reaction inputs
Sunlight, 12 H20, 18 ADP, and 12 NADP+
Calvin cycle inputs
18 ATP, 12 NADPH, 6CO2
Light reaction outputs
6 02, 18 ATP, and 12 NADPH
Calvin cycle outputs
18 ADP, 12 NADP+, 2 G3P AKA glucose, 6 H2O
Calvin cycle location
Stroma of the chloroplast
How many turns of Calvin cycle to create 1 G3P
3 turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce 1 G3P
C4 Plant differences
BUNDLE SHEATHS! Use a modified pathway for carbon fixation to minimize water loss and increase efficiency in hot and dry conditions
CAM Plant differences
CAM plants open stomata at night to minimize water loss and fix carbon dioxide, storing it as organic acids to use during the day
What are bundle sheaths
Bundle sheaths are protective layers of cells surrounding the vascular bundles in the leaves of C4 plants
Factors that affect photosynthesis
Light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and water availability
Importance of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is crucial for producing oxygen, providing energy in the form of glucose, and sustaining life on Earth
What type of transport is used to get the 2 pyruvates to the Krebs cycle
Active transport
Glycolysis inputs
Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, and 2 NADH+
Glycolysis outputs
2 pyruvates, 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
Krebs cycle inputs
Pyruvic Acids, Coenzyme A, 4 NAD+, 1 ADP, 1 FAD.
(Double the list for each glucose molecule)
Krebs cycle outputs
3CO2, Acetyl CoA, 4 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2.
(Double this list for each glucose molecule)
Electron transport chain inputs
O2, ADP, NADH or FADH2
Electron transport chain outputs
NAD+ and FAD, ATP, H20
Glycolysis location
Cytoplasm
Krebs cycle location
Mitochondrial matrix
Electron transport chain location
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Lactic acid vs alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells, producing lactic acid. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
What are the two parts of the Krebs Cycle?
The reduction of pyruvates and the citric acid cycle
3 parts of light independent reaction
fixation, reduction, and regeneration
Where light-dependent reaction occur
in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts
Note
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