Bio 153 Lab Practical

a group of cells found together in the body

epithelium, sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands

binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body

excitable, responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement. Occurs as three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle (located in the heart)

excitable, allows for the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body

Innermost layer of a plant

xylem, phloem, and vascular cambium

transports water and nutrients absorbed from the roots to the rest of the plant

transports energy in the form of glucose and other elements produced by photosynthesis to the rest of the organism

-In trees this includes sap

a lateral meristem that gives rise to the secondary xylem and phloem

at meristems, and then develop into cells types which are grouped into tissues

composed of epidermal cells, closely packed cells that secrete a waxy cuticle that aids in the prevention of water loss

comprises the bulk of the primary plant body. Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells are common in the ground tissue

transports food, water, hormones and minerals within the plant. Includes xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and cambium cells

A type of generalized plant cell, alive at maturity. Function in storage, photosynthesis, and as ground and vascular tissues

woody walls of certain cells of plants. Tend to conduct water and minerals from roots to leaves

conduct food from leaves to the rest of the plant. Alive at maturity. Usually located outside the xylem

retain their nucleus and control the adjacent sieve cells

cells in which dissolved food flows through as sucrose

functions in prevention of water loss and acts as a barrier to fungi and other invaders. Closely packed, with little intercellular space

a series of openings on the outside layer of leaf tissue. Facilitate gas exchange between the inner parts of leaves, stems, and fruits. Allow for gas exchange at a cost of water loss

bean-shaped cells covering the stomata opening. They regulate exchange of water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide through the stomata.

constituted by the collective processes where oxygen is taken up from the atmosphere, delivered to body cells, and consumed, and the process of producing carbon dioxide and delivering it to the lungs for excretion into the atmosphere.

external respiration, gas transport, and internal respiration

mechanisms by which a person obtains oxygen from the external environment and eliminates carbon dioxide into the external environment

mechanisms used to distribute oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from cells

chemical reactions of cellular metabolism in which oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced

spirometer

The resultant record of volume change vs. time is called a spirogram

Single Stage Vital Capacity

Forced Expiratory Volume

Maximal Voluntary Ventilation

increases the diameter of the airway and increases FEV

it would decrease MVV because of increased resistance and reduction of airway diameter

through the lungs to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide

to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide

Rhythm generators, Conductors, Contractile cells

produce an electrical signal (SA node or pacemaker)

spread the pacemaker signal

myocardium, mechanically pump blood

start the electrical sequence of depolarization and repolarization

Internodal pathways and atrial fibers

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Bundle of His

Right and left bundle

branches

Purkinje fibers

When the depolarization signal reaches the contractile cells, they contract

When the repolarization signal reaches the myocardial cells, they relax

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

a point of departure of the electrical activity of depolarizations and repolarizations of the cardiac cycles and indicates periods when the ECG electrodes did not detect electrical activity

a time measurement that includes waves and/or complexes

a time measurement that does not include waves and/or complexes

P Wave

waves, segments, and intervals

R-R interval

it would decrease the BPM

Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly.

Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output: the result of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stable state.

The difference between negative and positive feedback systems is that in negative feedback systems, the response reverses the original stimulus, but in positive feedback systems, the response enhances the original stimulus.

negative feedback

Endocrine glands make chemicals called hormones and pass them straight into the bloodstream. Hormones can be thought of as chemical messages. From the blood stream, the hormones communicate with the body by heading towards their target cell to bring about a particular change or effect to that cell.

cleanse the blood of toxins and transform the waste into urine

urine test, blood test

the Rhine test, Hertz test, Weber test,

cochlea- contain hair cells that allow us to hear

semicircular canals- hair cells that help maintain balance

Sensory signals first enter the brain through the thalamus (except for olfaction, which bypasses this area). From there, it is routed to a sense-specific area of the cortex. Cortical areas, in turn, send signals to the brain's "association areas," which combine information from multiple senses.