Anatomy Exam 2 pt. 1

friction ridges, flexion lines, freckles & moles, and hemangiomas

fingerprints; unique pattern formed during fetal development that doesn’t change; allows manipulation of small objects

Flexor surfaces of the dights, palms, wrists, & elbows; marks sites where skin folds

tan to black aggregation of melanocytes

patches & discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal capillaries

Lanugo, Vellus, Terminal

warmth, sensation, protection from sun, signify sexual maturity, guard hair, eyelashes & eyebrows

fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on fetus in the last 3 weeks of development

fine, replaces lanugo by birth; 2/3 of womens hair 1/3 of mens hair

longer, coarser, and usually heavily pigmented

Bulb, root, & shaft

medulla, cortex, and cuticle

A swelling at the base where hair originates in dermis

the remainder of the hair follicle

the portion above the skin surface

core of loosely arranged cells & alr spaces

constitutes bulk of the hair;m consists of several layers of elongates keratinized cells

thin, scaly cells that overlap each other; free edges directed upward

Anagen, Catagen, & Telogen

growth stage; 90% of scalp follicles at any given time

degenerative stage, mitosis in the hair matrix ceases & sheath cells below the bulge die

resting stage

thinning of the hair or baldness

excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy

the condition in which hair loss occurs from specific regions of scalp

free edge, nail body, & nail root

stratum corneum packed with keratin

merocrine sweat , apocrine sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous, and mammary

Simple tubular glands; watery perspiration that helps thermoregulation

ducts that lead to nearby hair follicles; produce sweat that is thicker, milky, & contains fatty acids

sebum: oily secretion; glands with ducts opening into hair follicles

produces ear wax; only in external ear canal

milk producing glands that develop only during pregnancy & lactation

compact & spongy bone

skeletal system/ bones

dense or cortical bone; 80% of bone mass

cancellous or trabecular bone, located internal to the compact bone; appears porous; 20% of bone mass

hyaline & fibrocartilage

attaches ribs to sternum, covers ends of some bones, within growth plates, model for bone formation

weight-bearing that withstands compression; intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, medisci of knee

ligaments connect bone-bone, tendons connect muscle-bone

support & protection, levers for movement, hematopoiesis, blood cell production, occurs in red bone marrow, storage of mineral & energy reserves, calcium & phosphate

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal plate

connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, & ground substances

mineralization or calcification

spongy layer in the cranium; absorbs shock & marrow spaces lined with endosteum

spicules & trabeculae; filled with red bone marrow

hematopoietic, reticular CT, developing blood cells, & adipocytes, in children( spongy bone & medullary cavity, in adults/only in selected areas of axial skeleton

product of red bone marrow degeneration as children mature, fatty substance, may convert back

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum, & in central canals

bone forming cells

osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix

bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface(ruffled border)

Intramembranous ossification & Endochondral Ossification

Produces flat bones of skull & clavicle

during infancy & childhood, the epiphysis fill with spongy bone; cartilage limited to the articular cartilage covering each joint surface, & growth plate

appositional growth

bones increase in width throughout life

-deposition of new bone at the surface

-osteoblasts lay down matrix in layers parallel to the surface

-osteoclasts of endosteum enlarge marrow cavity

10%

repairs microfractures, releases minerals into blood stream, reshapes bones in response to use & disuse

bone density determined by mechanical stresses placed on it & bones adapt to withstand those stresses

crystallization process, osteoblasts produce collagen fibers become encrusted with minerals

-osteoblasts neutralize calcification inhibitors in bone matrix

-first few crystals attract more calcium & phosphate from solution

may occur in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons, or arteries

-calculus: calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such as lung

the process of dissolving bone & releasing minerals into the blood

- performed by osteoclasts at the ruffled border

-hydrogen pumps secrete hydrogen into the space between the osteoclasts & bone surface

-acid phosphates enzyme digests the collagen

Phosphate is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids, & pH buffers

Neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting, exocytosis

calcitriol, calcitonin, & parathyroid hormone

Vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, underactive parathyroids, pregnancy & lactation, accidental removal during thyroid surgery

500-800g

PTH

HPO4-2 & H2PO4-

surges of growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone occur & promote ossification

epiphyseal plate “closes” prematurely & results in an abnormally short adult stature

achondroplastic & pituitary

long bones stop growth in childhood; normal torso, short limbs

-failure of cartilage in metaphysis

-spontaneous mutation produces mutant dominant allele

lack of growth hormone; normal proportions with short stature

soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts

excessively brittle bones due to lack of protein & collagen

break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone; ex. falls, athletics, & military combat

break in a bone weakened by some other disease; ex. bone cancer or osteoporosis

1: hematoma forms in the fracture

2: soft callus & new blood vessels form in the fracture

3: spongy bone forms & a hard callus surrounds

4: spongy bone converts to compact bone

procedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into position without surgery

Involves surgery to realign the bone with plates, screws, & pins

osteoporosis

severe loss of bone density

estrogen replacement to slow bone resorption

increase risk of breast cancer, stroke, & heart disease