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Bio: Biological Macromolecules

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Biology

11th

106 Terms

😃 Not studied yet (106)

- All living things are made up of these four classes of biological molecules
- within cells, small organic molecules are joined together to form larger molecules

- the small building-block molecules to make a polymer

- a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

- occurs when two monomer bond together through the loss of a water molecule

- process of disassembling polymers to monomers
- a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

• what is highlighted?
1. functions as an aldehyde
2. functions as a ketone

- disaccharide used in brewing
• give the two monosaccharides bonded

- disaccharide used in transporting the sugar in milk
• give the two monosaccharides bonded

- disaccharide used in transporting sugar in plants
• give the two monosaccharides bonded

- a storage polysaccharide of plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers
- stored in plants as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
• give the glucose monomers

- a storage polysaccharide in animals
- stored mainly in liver and muscle cells of humans and other vertebrates

- a structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

(c) more than 2
(d) more than 100

- lipids that are constructed from 2 types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
- separates from water because water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and exclude the fats
- its major function is energy storage

(1) a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
(2) consists of carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton; varies in length(number of carbons) and in the number and locations of double bonds

(1) joins three fatty acids to glycerol
(2) results of (1)

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• indicate the configuration of the molecule around the double bond
(a) if hydrogen are present in the same plane; causes bending
(b) if the hydrogen atoms are on 2 different planes

- result from the structure of phospholipids found in cell membranes
(a) the 2 fatty acid tails in a phospholipid; points toward the interior when phospholipids are added to water
(b) the phosphate group in a phospholipid and its attachment

- an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes
- essential in animals but high levels in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease

- a steroid hormone that when released, raised your cholesterol level

a. cortisol
b. corticosterone
c. aldosterone
d. progesterone
e. Beta-estradiol
f. testosteron

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Function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Example: Digestive ________ catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

Function: Storage of amino acids
Examples: CASEIN, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage proteins in their seeds. OVALBUIM is the protein of egg white

Function: protection against disease
Example: Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria

Function: transport of substances
Example: HEMOGLOBIN, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body

Function: coordination of an organism’s activities
Example: INSULIN, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose, thus regulating blood sugar concentration

Function: response of cell to chemical stimuli
Example: receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells

Function: support
Examples: KERATIN is the protein of hair, horns, feather and other skin appendages. COLLAGEN and ELASTIN proteins provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues

Functions: movement
Examples: Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella ACTIN and MYOSIN proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles

- Bind to DNA in particular locations and determine whether or not certain genes will be read.
- Allows cell to becomes specialized for different functions and respond to changes in their surroundings

- detect environmental changes like light and respond by emitting or producing signals that call for a response

(a) Are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
(b) polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
(c) consist of one or more polypeptides

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- nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

- nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

- nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

- nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

- nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

- nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

- nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

- nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

- nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

- polar side chains; hydrophilic

- polar side chains; hydrophilic

- polar side chains; hydrophilic

- polar side chains; hydrophilic

- polar side chains; hydrophilic

- polar side chains; hydrophilic

- electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
- Acidic(negatively charged)

- electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
- Acidic(negatively charged)

- electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
- Basic (positively charged)

- electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
- Basic (positively charged)

- electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
- Basic (positively charged)

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- the sequence of amino acids in a protein, is like the order of letter in a long word
- determined by inherited genetic information

- its coils and folds result from hydrogen bond between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
(a) a coil structure
(b) folded structure

- can form between the different amino acids

- can form between 2 cysteine side chains
- are strong covalent bonds that may reinforce the protein’s structure

- can form between groups with opposite charge

- weak attractions between atoms due to oppositely polarized electron clouds

- are protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

- monomers of each polynucleotide
(1)consist of nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group; (2) + phosphate group
(2) the portion of (1) without the phosphate group; nitrogenous base + sugar

- family of nitrogenous base
- have a six membered ring
• give the name of each
• red one is only found in DNA & pink one is only found in RNA

- family of nitrogenous base
- have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring