AP Bio Unit 3: Cellular Energetics

forming bonds between molecules consuming energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

breaking bonds between molecules; breakdown pathways; like digestion(hydrolysis)

chemical reactions that release energy

chemical reactions that require input of energy

the energy required to break bonds in the reactant molecules and start chemical reactions; must absorb energy to break bonds

a protein that reduces the activation energy of reactions in a cell, but is not used up in the reactions (acts as a catalyst) - speeds up a reaction

enzymes have a specific shape to specific chemical reaction (1 enzyme = 1 reaction type)

substance on which the enzyme acts; binds to enzyme according to shape

enzymes catalytic site; substrate fits like a key into a lock

Destroying the function of a protein by changing its structure (can be done by changing temperature, pH, or salinity)

substrate binding causes enzyme to change shape and have tighter fit

more enzymes equals more frequently collide with substrate; equilibrium is reached when the amount of substrate equals the amount of enzyme

More substrate equals more frequent collisions with enzymes; all enzymes have active site engaged; enzyme becomes saturated

molecules that reduce enzyme activity

inhibitor competes with substrate for active site by binding in the active site and blocking the substrate

type of inhibition where an inhibitor binds to site other than active site causing enzyme to change shape; active site no longer functions

when molecules bind somewhere other than the active site; cause a change in enzymes shape; can inhibit or activate

the final product is in a metabolic pathway is an enzyme inhibitor for an earlier step

small inorganic compounds like Mg, K, Ca, Zn and other minerals; that increase the activity of enzymes

non-protein organic molecules that bind temporarily or permanently to enzyme near active site; like many vitamins

a molecule that binds to allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity

a molecule that binds to allosteric site and increases enzyme activity

A substrate molecule bound to an active site of one subunit promotes substrate binding to the active site of other subunits.

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

A measure of disorder or randomness.

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

An organism that makes its own food

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

loss of electrons (or hydrogen)

gain of electrons (or hydrogen)

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

making ATP using the energy from a hydrogen ion concentration gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

The enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

glucose and oxygen

carbon dioxide and water

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

glucose and oxygen (products)

breakdown of glucose into pyruvate; produces small amount of ATP; no oxygen required

cytoplasm

matrix of mitochondria

NADH, FADH2, CO2, some ATP

inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2

NADP+ to NADPH

water and lots of ATP

Oxygen

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

ethanol and lactic acid

light, water, ADP, NADP+

ATP, NADPH, O2

thylakoid membrane

stroma

CO2, ATP, NADPH

G3P (used to make sugars like glucose)

plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

separate the reactions in photosynthesis by running the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle in different cells

plants that have adapted to hot, dry conditions

absorb light energy at specific wavelengths