Transportation Lesson 1

It is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation.

➢ Safe

➢ Efficient

➢ Rapid

➢ Comfortable

➢ Convenient

➢ Economical

➢ Environmentally compatible movement of people and goods

It is a branch of civil engineering profession that is involved in the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of safe and efficient transportation system.

It is the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbor, canal, and other maritime facilities

It is the design and construct of airports

 _______ are the means of transportation on land.

It consists the modern highways as well as city streets, feeder roads and village roads, catering for a big range of vehicles and the pedestrians

is the only mode which is giving maximum service to one and all.

The steel tracks laid on the ground, over which the trains move is known as __________.

In the ______, air crafts and helicopters are used

This system is more costly compared to all other modes of transportation.

It is the slowest among the four modes

It is the preparation of transportation systems such as highways and traffic facilities.

This is the only mode which is giving maximum service to one and all. It is possible to provide door to door service only by road transport.

 It is necessary for a civil engineering company to ensure that these hazards and conditions are routinely fixed and are made up to standard in order to guarantee the safety of those on the road.

Have been used for long as well as for short distances and also for urban travels.

One of the fastest transportation system

Human beings and materials are used to transport from one place to another with the help of ships and boats etc.

Transportation by this system is possible between the ports on the sea routes or along the rivers or canals where inland transportation facilities are available.

It is the first move before things are decided and needed to be done to ensure things are on the right path along the way to succeed.

Purpose of Planning

Objectives of Planning

4 Main stages of Transportation Planning

This includes all the different types of available data gathered for transportation such as journey behavior patterns, nature and intensity of traffic, freight structure, costs and benefits like income and employment estimates, etc.

The comprehensive knowledge of traffic flows and patterns within the area is essential.

Aside from traffic data, planners also require the land use and population data for study area.

Travel patterns should be divided into zones so that origins and destinations are can be geographically monitored

Types of Road-side Interview

Types of Home-interview

is a process of data analysis where it is a key to predict future travel demands and network needs, and is derived in four recognized stages such as: TRIP GENERATION, TRIP DISTRIBUTION, MOBILE SPLIT, TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT

number of trips within a zone

number of trips from one zone to another

number of trips in different modes of transport

estimates the volume of traffic of every route in network

It is ideally based on existing and future land developments. This essential on transportation planning since travel demands are variable to the type of area, population, commercial demands, etc., especially for urban planning development. Trips are made due to necessities of an individual according to his purpose. Planning is made in long term either 10 to 30 years prediction.

It is necessary to predict the volumes of traffic in every network as the population grows and provide solutions or policy to manage the traffic when congestion is inevitable in the future.

Most Important Variables in Forecasting (Transportation Planning)

It is a required factor in the planning process and transportation planners are key partners ensuring that safety is an integral component of all planning processes. With knowledge and understanding of safety and safety planning, transportation planners can enhance collaboration, communication, and coordination with their safety specialist partners to achieve the goal of reducing serious injuries and fatalities.

4E’s of Safety

Highway users are not always aware of the risks associated with their behaviors so proper knowledge and education of the use of highway and safety along the way is highly recommended for all.

Engineers play a critical role in identifying and recommending solutions to address safety performance of the transportation infrastructure.

Law enforcement personnel generally are responsible for collecting crash data, traffic law enforcement, behavioral safety campaigns, and sharing information with transportation professionals.

This group includes first responders and paramedics, fire and rescue personnel, law enforcement, Department of Transportation(DOT) personnel, and tow truck operators.

It is one of evaluating the alternative policies, which have been suggested. The evaluation stage is probably the most important of all since here lies the economic impacts of the said planning.

Necessary because vehicle-km and road space are commodities, which are not directly bought and sold.

On the cost side of the calculation, _______ are made for capital outlay, land purchase and maintenance.

The phase of transportation engineering that deals with the planning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads, streets, and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands and relationship with other modes of transportation

ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

General History of Traffic Engineering

Basic Elements of the characteristics of Traffic Flow on the Highway System

Distinct Actions encountered by the driver of a vehicle during reaction to cues and stimuli:

It is the traditional transportation planning process.

it is an ongoing process which seeks to assess the short and long range transportation problems of a region and to develop, evaluate, select and implement plans and strategies for solving these problems. This is based on the interaction between two basic systems, the transportation system (origins, destinations, volume of people and goods) and the activity system (land uses, population, social and economic activities) within which transportation system operates.

it describes the relationships between trip-making and the regions pattern of population, land use and economic activities which creates that demand.

4 Basic Phases of the Traditional Approach to Travel Demand Modeling:

is the allocation of traffic flows among routes available.

the number of vehicles that pass a point on a highway during a specified time interval.

the period of time from when the driver recognizes an object or a hazard on the roadway to the time the driver actually applies the brakes.

the amount of time required for a driver to detect and recognize that an object or hazard is being approached.

the amount of time for the driver to decide on the proper maneuver to be taken and to initiate the required action.

the time required to accomplish a vehicle maneuver

the distance at which a driver can see an object lying in the roadway ahead. It should equal or exceed the stopping sight distance.

distance required for a driver to detect an unexpected object, information source (traffic signal) or hazard in the roadway and to recognize the hazard, select an appropriate speed and path, and initiate and complete the required safety maneuver.

the distance needed to bring the vehicles to complete stop after the brake have been applied.

the shortest distance sufficient for a vehicle to turn out of a traffic lane, pass another vehicle, and then turn back to the same lane safely and comfortably without interfering with the overtaken vehicle or an incoming vehicle traveling at the design speed should it come into view after the passing maneuver is started.

the sum of the braking distance and the perception and reaction distance.

the length between vehicles as it enters a crest curve (vertical parabolic) and the farthest distance visible to the driver to the top of the object. It is typically assumed that the height of eye is at 3.75 feet above the roadway surface and the farthest distance visible is at an elevation of 6 inches above the roadway.

PERFORMANCE MEASURE (Purpose)

TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT (TDM)

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT (TSM)

Collect, store, process and distribute information relating to the movement of people and goods. Examples include systems for traffic management, public transportation management, emergency management, traveler information, advanced vehicle control and safety, commercial vehicle operations, electronic payment and railroad grade crossing safety.”

involves the application of advanced technology to enhance safety, provide services to travelers, and assist transportation system operators in implementing suitable traffic management strategies.

ITS SOLUTIONS INCLUDE

ROAD AND TRAFFIC SIGNS

These are traffic signs which are used to inform road users on certain rules and regulations which have to be observed for safe and free flow of traffic.

used as a background color for construction and maintenance signs

used as background color for stop, do not enter, and wrong way signs, as a legend color for parking prohibitions signs, route markers, the circular outline, ant the diagonal bar for prohibitory symbols.

Background color for school signs and warning signs (except when orange is specified)

Background color for milepost and guide signs (other than those using brown or white) and as a legend color on white background for certain directional signs and permissible parking regulations

Background color for information signs related to motorists services, rest areas, and evacuation route markers.

Background color for guide and information signs related to points of recreational, service or cultural interest.

Background color for certain one way and weigh station signs, as well as for specific night speed limit signs, and as the legend color for white, yellow, and orange signs

Background Color for route markers, guide signs, and regulatory sings except for the stop sign, for the legend on the brown, green, blue, black, and red signs

Type of road signals which are set to repeat a cycle at regular time intervals. These signals are design for peak time traffic requirements. However, they cause delay during off-peak hours

Type of road signals which are designed so that the phase and cycle can be changed acording to traffic demand. A policeman observes these signals suitably. These signals are very expensive.

Type of road signals which are installed on main roads and cross roads. A red signal is to be provided on the cross road to warn the driver to stop and proceed. A yellow signal installed on the main road warns the driver to slow down.