Lecture 12 (Viral Diseases of Cattle I)

what is the first "vaccine" every calf should get

provide a reason we may not vaccinate for a disease in cattle even though it has a high mortality rate

where does diagnosing a virus disease start?

what are the 4 diseases of cattle caused by poxviruses worldwide?

discuss the properties/characteristics of Poxviruses

when in doubt, if you see oral ulcers in a cow you should always...

-mild often recurrent disease in dairy cattle

-often associated with poor hygiene

-secondary bacterial mastitis occurs

-causes bovine papular stomatitis and milker's nodules

-common incidental infection in beef cattle
-suckling calves or up to 1 year of age
-no treatment necessary
-can become dangerous if it produces esophageal diseases

a) BVD
b) Blue tongue
c) Vesicular Stomatitis
d) Bovine Papular Stomatitis

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF), Pseduorabies, and Pseudo-Lumpy Skin Disease are all caused by:

a) Herpesviruses
b) Poxviruses
c) Adenoviruses
d) Papovaviruses

t/f: Pseudocowpox is not zoonotic

what is the definitive diagnosis for Poxviruses in cattle?

Bovine Papular Stomatitis is a concern to producers in the sense that it looks like what two CONCERNING viruses in cattle:

when would Bovine Papular Stomatitis be considered lethal?

discuss the properties/characteristics of Herpesviruses

how do you diagnose Herpesviruses in cattle?

economically speaking, what is the most important disease complex in cattle?

list the diseases caused by Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (6)

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is often part of a shipping fever complex which is also known as...

part of the "shipping fever" complex known as the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex:

a) IBR
b) BVD
c) Blue Tongue
d) MCF

list some clinical signs we can look for and grade to determine if a cow has Bovine Respiratory Disease

according to the Bovine Respiratory Disease scoring system for pre-weaned dairy calves, which sign is attributed 5 points itself and thus automatically suggests the animal is positive for BRD?

a) eye discharge
b) nasal discharge
c) cough
d) ear droop or head tilt

-this disease is part of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex and is noted for the pustular characteristic of lesions
-excessive salivation and pneumonia are also associated with this respiratory virus
-pneumonia is typically cause of death

a) Malignant Catarrhal Fever
b) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
c) Dermopathic Bovine Herpesvirus Infection (Pseduo-Lumpy Skin)
d) Pseudorabies (Mad Itch/Aujezsky's disease)

which of the following is a disease linked to Bovine Herpes Virus 1?

a) Malignant Catarrhal Fever
b) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
c) Dermopathic Bovine Herpesvirus Infection (Pseduo-Lumpy Skin)
d) Pseudorabies (Mad Itch/Aujezsky's disease)

which of the following is a disease linked to Bovine Herpes Virus 2?

a) Malignant Catarrhal Fever
b) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
c) Dermopathic Bovine Herpesvirus Infection (Pseduo-Lumpy Skin)
d) Pseudorabies (Mad Itch/Aujezsky's disease)

what type of eye infections will you see with BHV1?

associated with conjunctivitis, corneal keratitis & ulceration // possible associations with cancer eye

a) BHV1
b) BHV2

t/f: Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and infectious balanoposthitis lead to abortion

which of the following is NOT accurate about Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis / Infectious balanoposthitis?

a) tied to abortion

b) may be the historical form of BHV1 before it became respiratory

c) caused by BHV1

d) causes lesions of epithelial necrosis

these were the historical forms of BHV1 before tropism occurred to cause respiratory disease in cattle

BHV1 historically was just the IPV/IPB spread by coitus, it then emerged in feedlots in the 1960s and now spreads by aerosols // the idea of a virus previously of the genital tissues now colonizing respiratory tissues is a feature of the virus changing:

a) Virulence
b) Pathogenicity
c) Tropism

calves sent to feed lots should be vaccinated against BHV1 3 weeks before shipping to prevent:

a) IBR
b) IPV
c) IPB
d) MCF

t/f: the control and prevention of BHV1 utilizes marker vaccines (at least in Europe)

talk about BHV1 infection in young calves

which of the following symptoms of BHV1 is seen in young calfs when they develop a systemic infection that can be lethal?

a) intense rhinitis and tracheitis
b) pneumonia
c) excessive salivation + respiratory signs
d) microscopic lesions throughout the body + respiratory signs

talk about abortion from BHV1

which is known to cause abortion:

a) historical BHVI such as the causative agent of Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis & Infectious balanoposthitis
b) respiratory BHVI such as the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

which of the following is true regarding Abortion tied to BHV1

a) it is a distinct virus from that causing IBR
b) the placenta is the best source of virus for diagnosis
c) usually do not expect a previous respiratory infection
d) live vaccines of IBR can be used as an abortigen in feed lots

how is BHV1 spread?

talk about the best ways to control and prevent BHV1

-caused by a cell associated herpes virus
-has an African and North American types of virus (both types occur in the USA)
-North American type is mostly associated with sheep; virus has not been isolated
-can occur in American Bison
-100% mortality rate

Malignant Catarrhal Fever is found in two types (African and N. American) in the USA // the North American type is mostly associated with:

a) Cows
b) Sheep
c) Goats
d) Buffalo

this is a diagnostic indicator for Malignant Catarrhal Fever

-not an important disease

-transmitted by flies

-disease is indicated by umbilicated skin lesion

-commonly seen in the fall

-outbreak of teat lesions without generalized skin lesions

-springing heifers most severely affected

-production losses due to mastitis

heavy nasal secretions, 100% mortality, bilateral corneal opacities, pneumonia, and low morbidity are signs or characteristics of:

a) Malignant Catarrhal Fever
b) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
c) Dermopathic Bovine Herpesvirus Infection (Pseduo-Lumpy Skin)
d) Pseudorabies (Mad Itch / Aujezsky's disease)

this viral disease is acquired from Wildebeest both at calving or by young sheep when stressed (such as food shortage stress) // both are examples of resource partitioning or biological warfare that can kill off competition for resources

a) Malignant Catarrhal Fever
b) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
c) Dermopathic Bovine Herpesvirus Infection (Pseduo-Lumpy Skin)
d) Pseudorabies (Mad Itch / Aujezsky's disease)

this disease is not an important disease per se, but is important in the differentiation of Lumpy Skin Disease

a) Malignant Catarrhal Fever
b) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
c) Dermopathic Bovine Herpesvirus Infection
d) Pseudorabies

commonly seen in the fall as an explosive outbreak of teat lesions with spring heifers most severely infected; caused by a BHV2:

a) Pseduo-Cowpox
b) Cowpox
c) Pseudo Lumpy Skin Disease
d) Lumpy Skin Disease

how do you diagnose BHV2?

-clinical presentation similar to rabies

-acquired through contact with pigs but this virus is now eradicated from domestic pigs in the USA

-clinical signs: self-mutilation // bellowing // look like they're choking // aggression

-no virus excretion at site of self mutilation (hence no transmission)

-virus can be isolated from the brain

-don't typically vaccinate cattle against this virus

this disease that can affect cattle is also called "Aujezsky's disease" or "Mad Itch" // it is endemic in USA feral swine populations and then spills over to cattle

a) Rabies
b) Pseudorabies
c) Lumpy Skin Disease
d) Pseudo Lumpy Skin Disease

which of the following is FALSE in regards to Pseduorabies in cows:

a) clinical presentation similar to rabies

b) acquired through contact with feral pigs

c) virus is excreted at sites of self mutilation which worsens transmission

d) the virus can be isolated from the brain, like rabies

-very common infection in young animals and humans
-self healing
-teat warts may need to be removed
-related to bladder cancer with co-carcinogen
-cannot be grown in cell culture

discuss the properties/characteristics of Papillomaviruses

t/f: Adenoviruses are not considered of any clinical relevance in cows, and have only been isolated in cases of mild respiratory disease

Bovine Papillomatosis causes _________ in horses

how is Bovine Papillomatosis typically spread?

which is caused by a Poxvirus?

a) Bovine Papillomatosis
b) Bovine Papular Stomatitis

which is caused by a Papovavirus?

a) Bovine Papillomatosis
b) Bovine Papular Stomatitis

__________ are a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in young animals

-virus cannot be easily isolated
-diagnosed by EM
-transmission is primarily via the fecal-oral route
-infection results in diarrhea and fever (occasionally abdominal pain)
-severe dehydration due to major loss of fluids and electrolytes
-infections are common in crowded facilities
-no specific treatment available

there is no specific treatment available for Rotavirus diarrhea in cattle, so how can you "lessen symptoms" per se?

how can you diagnose Paramyxoviruses in cattle?

-related to RSV in children
-infections are common in the U.S.
-this virus is present in 38-76% of beef and dairy herds
-lungs appear very wet
-cows can die very quickly

talk about the vaccinations against BRSV

discuss the properties/characteristics of Paramyxoviruses

disease caused by Rhabdoviruses in cattle (3)

-frequent bellowing
-often present as if they have a foreign body in their throat
-signs may be subtle // knuckling over or tail head carried high

is rabies a core vaccine with cows?

-an important disease "per se" because it may be confused with Foot-and-Mouth Disease
-affects cattle, horses, and pigs

which is more accurate:

a) the virus's family / phylogenetic relationship tells us what to expect as clinical signs
b) the clinical presentation of viral disease is interpreted to diagnose the virus family or species

which of the following cattle viruses was ranked the most important by Dr. Center's +++ scale?

a) BVD
b) IBR
c) MCF
d) RSV

Bovine Papular Stomatitis is a...

a) Herpesvirus
b) Poxvirus
c) Adenovirus
d) Papovavirus

which of the following would you most expect to find in a U.S. cow?

a) Cowpox
b) Pseudocowpox
c) Lumpy Skin Disease

Bovine Papular Stomatitis is caused by:

a) Cowpox
b) Pseudocowpox
c) Lumpy Skin Disease

"Milker's Nodules" are caused by:

a) BVD
b) BHV
c) Pseudocowpox

warts on the teats is characteristic of:

a) Cowpox
b) Pseudocowpox
c) Bovine Papular Stomatitis
d) Bovine Papillomatosis

which of the following is a very common infection in young cattle and humans, generally self healing, but can cause sarcoids in horses:

a) Cowpox
b) Pseudocowpox
c) Bovine Papular Stomatitis
d) Bovine Papillomatosis

this disease, caused by an RNA virus, is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in young animals, primarily transmitted fecal orally // the major loss of fluids and electrolytes can be lethal if not given supportive fluids

a) Rotavirus diarrhea
b) Paramyxovirus diarrhea
c) Rhabdovirus diarrhea
d) Bovine Viral Diarrhea

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV or bovine RSV) is a:

a) Paramyxovirus
b) Herpesvirus
c) Poxvirus
d) Adenovirus

this part of the complex of shipping fever is present in 38-76% of beef and dairy herds, may cause severe bronchitis & interstitial pneumonia, and is a paramyxovirus

a) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
b) Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

multinucleated cells from fused cytoplasm in infected cells is characteristic of:

a) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
b) Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

this bovine virus is associated with "Wet Lungs" or interstitial pneumonia and is related to its counterpart in human children

a) IBR
b) RSV
c) IPB
d) IPV

the only thing mentioned about this disease is that it has been known for many years, may be part of "shipping fever" / BRD but it has not been established, and that there are multivalent vaccines against shipping fever that include protection against this too

a) IBR
b) RSV
c) Parainfluenza 3 virus

Rabies is caused by a:

a) Paramyxovirus
b) Herpesvirus
c) Rhabdovirus
d) Adenovirus

this disease is caused by a rhabdovirus and its signs include frequent bellowing, presenting like a choke, and carrying the tail head high

a) Rabies
b) Pseudorabies
c) Vesicular Stomatitis

Lumpy Skin vs. Pseduo Lumpy Skin

what type of virus?

Rabies vs. Pseudorabies

what type of virus?

Cowpox vs. Psuedocowpox

what type of virus?

increased occurrence of rabies in Central & South America is thought to be tied to:

a) Political Sabotage
b) Different Serotypes
c) Vampire Bats as a vector
d) Shipping practices

this disease is caused by a rhabdovirus and is important in that it may be confused with Foot-and-Mouth disease:

a) Bovine Papular Stomatitis
b) Bovine Vesicular Stomatitis
c) Bovine Syncytial Virus
d) Blue Tongue

Bovine Vesicular Stomatitis should be differentiated from FMD

what type of virus causes each?