ENVS 150 FINAL

Water moves from the roots into the leaves due to negative pressure from transpiration

The cohesion theory states:

Guttation

The loss of water through special openings (not stomata) in the leaves is called:

Mycorrhizal fungi

Plants can be assisted with the uptake of phosphorus by

Xylem, cohesion, evaporation

Upward movement of water occurs mainly in the _______ through passive ________ driven by _______.

ATP and phospholipids

Phosphorus (P) is used by the plant as a component of:

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

More than 90% of a living plant is composed of which elements?

field capacity

___________________ is the amount of water the soil can hold against the force of gravity.

deserts and xeric shrublands

This biome is found on five continents with plants that look similar but are not related.

Coniferous forest and tundra

The two largest terrestrial biomes in the world are:

winter solstice

When the south pole is tilted toward the sun and the sun rays hit the tropic of capricorn at a 90 degree angle:

The side of a mountain range and beyond dominated by dry air masses

A rain shadow is what area?

tropical rainforests

This biome is home to the greatest number of plant and animal species

3

How many systems or belts of surface winds in each hemisphere determine the patterns of precipitation and vegetation?

cooling ocean temperatures

What is the LEAST LIKELY cause for habitat fragmentation?

The amount of resources available

The carrying capacity of an environment changes with:

All are components of conservation biology

Conservation Biology:

Reproduce rapidly and early

Ecologists characterize species richness by the r/K selection theory. Which is NOT a trait of K selected populations?

A soil profile

A vertical section of soil extending through all its horizons from the surface to the parent material is known as:

it is often a limiting nutrient

What is NOT true for Potassium (K):

Nitrogen

One element NOT supplied naturally by air and water is _____.

proton pumps

Active transport of molecules across membranes occurs through:

All affect the weather pattern

Weather patterns are affected by:

Degree of pollution

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an aquatic biome?

Arctic tundra

This biome supports a low number of plant species, receives little rain, and plants have shallow root zones due to permafrost and wet soil.

Amount of sunlight

Climate in an area is primarily dependent on:

Trees will grow in Antarctica.

Global warming is changing the geographic distribution of biomes. Which of the following statements is NOT a likely result of global warming?

temperate coniferous forest

This biome receives ample rainfall, has annual temperatures from 5°C to 20°C, and is home to spruce, fir, pine, hemlock, and redwood.

all are functions of wetlands

Wetlands are important ecosystems because they:

How organisms interact with each other and their environment.

The discipline of ecology studies:

predation

Herbivory is a common example of:

How osmosis works

The pressure flow hypothesis does NOT explain:

chlorophyll and nucleic acids

Nitrogen (N) is used by the plant as a component of:

Permanent wilting point

____________________occurs when a plant wilts, and cannot recover when placed in a saturated atmosphere.

Trade winds, Westerlies, Arctic winds

The correct order wind systems between the equator and each pole is:

Each biome has three specific plant species that it is named after

Which of the following statements about biomes is NOT true?

Mostly sparse vegetation, Temperatures ranging from below freezing to 30°C, Low amount of rain and humidity, Succulent perennial vegetation.

Desert biomes have these features:

nitrogen fixation, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification

The major processes in the nitrogen cycle are:

organismal, population, community, ecosystem

Put the levels of ecological study from the smallest to the largest.

The age and geographical distribution of a population of individuals of the same species

Population ecology studies:

An example of mutualism between a plant and ants

Myrmecophytes are:

They differ in chemical, physical, and biological properties and depth.

Which of the following applies to soil horizons?

Rhizobium

___________________is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes.

Humus

After the complete decomposition of organic matter, the remaining complex, amorphous, colloidal substance is called:

High to low water potential

Water flows from:

Are part of an essential metabolic function or molecule

Essential elements for plant growth:

Weather

Atmospheric conditions experienced at a particular time:

Crop lands for grains

Most of the temperate grasslands in the northern hemisphere have been converted to:

10%

How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem?

Summer solstice

When the north pole is tilted towards the sun and the sun rays hit the tropic of cancer at a 90 degree angle:

reproductive patterns, rate of death, environmental resources, carrying capacity (All)

Population size is affected by:

along rivers, inland areas, along lakes, coastal areas

Wetlands are found in:

Nutrient film techniques grows plants on a large tank on a thin, porous film.

Which of the following statements is NOT true for hydroponic porous

Soil texture

Soil particles are separated into their respected sizes and the percentage in each size category is calculated to determine:

recharge ground water, improve water quality, store water during floods, are carbon sinks

Wetlands are important to the ecosystems because they:

epiphytes

Which of these are NOT an example of mutualism:

rainfall and temperature

Terrestrial biomes are primarily characterized by

Succession is affected by only biotic factors

Which of the following statements about succession is NOT true

colonization of an area with vegetation for the first time

Primary succession is characterized by the following

nitrogen

The first limiting nutrient for plants is usually

yellowing

Chlorosis is ________ of the leaves

Nucleic acid movement of toxins out of the cell

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of ion exclusion from plant cells?

Cohesion

The force of attraction between two like molecules ( like water and water) is called

Climate

The prevailing atmospheric conditions of an area over a long period of time

fungi and bacteria, plants herbivores, predators

A simple food chain has the following levels in hierarchical order

A

Topsoil is found in the ___ horizon.

Precipitation

Nitrate is highly soluble and can be leached from soil by:

Temperate broadleaf and mixed

This biome is dominated by trees such as oak, elm, poplar, beech and maple and is desirable for human settlement and agricultural production.

Adhesion

The force of attraction between unlike molecules (such as soil and water) is called:

All ecosystems

Ecological succession occurs in:

The surrounding solution has a lower solute potential (hypotonic soloution)

Water WILL move into a cell when

B & C are correct

Nutrient deficiencies appear first:

Short lifespan

Ecologists characterize species richness by the r/K selection theory. Which is a trait of r selected populations?

Compact the soils

Cultivation is tillage between seedling emergence and crop harvest, and serves all these function except:

Coir

Organic soil amendments include crop residue, animal manure, compost, and ___________.

spring-tooth harrow

A ______________ is sometimes used in seedbed preparation because it is effective in breaking up soil crusts, reducing clod sizes, and destroying small weeds.

Tillage

____________ is defined as mechanical manipulation of soil to provide a favorable environment for crop growth.

No, 5

Most insects have _____ economic impact on humans. Actually only__% ever reach pest status.

Biotype

A ___________ refers to a subpopulation of plants within a species differing only slightly from the general population.

Chemical applications

_________ is the use of pesticides to supress or inhibit pest/pathogen activities.

mistletoe/dodder

______ and ________ are examples of higher plants that cause damage because they are hemiparasites (water parasites) or true parasites because they lack chlorophyll and depend on the host for all nourishment.

Pesticide

_______________ is a method to control (manage) pest that should be used as a last resort in a sustainable agricultural integrated pest management system.

Rats

________ are the most serious vertebrate pests, however deer, mice, gophers, squirrels, rabbits, nutriarats, beaver, racoons, and various birds may also become pests.

entomology/plant

People that grow plants must have a firm understanding of weed science, / and must learn to manage plant pests or otherwise minimize plant losses caused by important plant pests.

Both Lichens and Rhizobium

Which of the following are known to support mutually beneficial associations?

Temperate forest

Between 40-50 degrees latitude with 30+ inches of rainfall per year _____ ______ developes.

Competition

_____ occurs when more than one organism draws on a resource that is in short supply.

Detritovores

_____ break up large pieces of organic matter into smaller pieces. They are the first step in decomposition.

high/moisture/rainfall

At the equator, temperatures are _________ all year round and trade winds carry ________ off oceans resulting in high levels of ________.

Desert

The largest biome on earth is the ________.

Climate

______ is the main influence on vegetation type.

Provide shading for other crops

Establishing a deeply rooting permanent cover crop, such as a mixed grass-alfalfa cover crop, can do all except:

Herbicides

Instead of plowing, disking & otherwise cultivating to remove old vegetation, ____are used to kill the vegetation which is left in place.

Furrow

_____________ irrigation is an outdoor surface irrigation system used for row crops.

Accelerated erosion

_________removes soil faster than new soil can form, reducing productive topsoil depth.

Wind erosion

Level land is less likely to erode from water than sloping land—but can be more vulnerable to ______.

biological

__________ controls are considered an environmental-friendly alternative to using pesticides.

Heat Therapy

_________ is a method of freeing plants of the virus organism. This method involves keeping the virus infested plant at 38 degrees C for 20-30 days.

GPS

Genetically resistant plants may occur naturally, or through classical plant breeding programs, or may be derived thorugh the use of molecular biiology techniques commonly called ________.

Annuals/biennials/perennials

Weeds can be classified as _______, , or.

virus/plasmodesmata

Plant _________ require a wound in order to enter the plant cells; once in, they can move freely from cell to cell via the _______.