3.1: The Spanish, the French, and the Dutch in North America

• New Spain and New France have become 'inclusion borders' where indigenous people have become part of colonial society.

  • When Dutch founded their colonies on the Hudson River on the northeastern Atlantic coast, they followed the French model.

• The Spanish program was the conquest and exploitation of indigenous peoples in mining, agriculture or animal husbandries.

  • On the other hand, French people without sufficient staff to intimidate, enslave indigenous peoples sought to build an empire by alliances and trade with indigenous Indian nations.

• At the beginning of the 17th century, in a combination of maritime military and commercial power, the United Netherlands held two big monopolies

  • The Dutch East India Company and the Dutch East India Company.

3.2: The Chesapeake: Virginia And Maryland

• In 1607, a small convey of vessels was sent to the Chesapeake Bay by a group of London investors known as the Virginia Company.

  • A hundred men built a fort which was called Jamestown in honor of King James I

  • The first permanent settlement in North America was to be established in England.

• Chesapeake's community was united in a politically sophisticated Powhatan Confederacy, led by a powerful leader named Wahunsonacook, who was known to be "King Powhatan" by the colonists in Jamestown.

• The company Virginia established a "headright grant" program awarded to wealthy colonists from large plantations who agreed to take workers from England to their own expenses.

• In 1624, England turned Virginia into a Royal colony with appointed civil authorities by the Crown

  • Although colonists of property kept electing representatives to the House of Burgesses, created in 1619 to encourage immigration.

• The British immigrants in Chesapeake came at least three-quarters as indentured servants.

  • Men and women worked for a master for a certain term in exchange for the cost of their transportation to the New World.

3.3: The New England Colonies

• Most English men and women have still practiced a little different Christianity than traditional Catholicism.

  • But during the last few years of Elizabeth's reign at the end of the sixteenth century, the English followers of John Calvin, known as the Puritans,

  • But, as with all the Plymouth colonies, they needed a source of revenue to pay off their English investors.

  • They supported themselves by farming.

  • The cod fishing in the rich Atlantic coast banks formed the basis of their commercial economy,

• In 1629 a royal charter was issued to the rich Puritans who named their company Massachusetts Bay Company, and to the fishing settlement of Naumkeag on Massachusetts Bay, a fortnight force of 200 settlers which was renamed Salem.

  • In the late sixteen thirties, few tribes retained the power to challenge Puritan expansion in southern Netherlands.

  • The Puritans believed that God ordained social hierarchy for well-ordered communities.

• The internal economy needed husband's and wife's combined efforts.

  • The men were mainly responsible for fieldwork, the household women, the garden, the cabin and the milk industry.

  • Women have managed a wide range of tasks and some garden products, milk, and eggs are traded independently.

3.4: The Proprietary Colonies

• Most of the settlers of South Carolina came from the Barbados sugar colony, a Caribbean colony that was founded by the British in 1627.

• A member of the Friends' Society, Penn wanted to turn the settlement into a refuge for religious tolerance and peace.

  • It's a "holy experiment" that Penn wanted this colony.

  • He included guarantees of religious freedom, civil rights, and elected representation in his first government framework, drawn up in 1682.

• Charles II issued a charter granting his brother James, duke of York, a former Dutch colony which in his honour was renamed New York.

3.5: Conflict and War

• The Pequot War of 1637 followed almost forty years of peace in New England.

  • Indigenous people and colonists lived in close contact, if tense.

• In 1677, the Albermarle region of North Carolina, a rebellion known as the Culpeper Rebellion, had been perpetrated by backcountry men.

• A series of colonial rebellions against the authorities of King James sparked news about the Glorious Revolution in North America.

  • Governor Andros was apprehended and deported in the spring of 1689.

• Another factor in the violence in North America was the dynastic change in England.

• In what is referred to as the War of the Grand Alliance, armed conflict started in Europe in 1688, spreading to the colonies of the War of King William