COMM 1ST TERM (2ND SEM)

DEFINING THE COMMUNICATION

“sending” or “receiving” AND “sharing”

is the art and process of creating and sharing ideas.

COMMUNICATION

imparting or exchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs.

COMMUNICATION

ACCORDING TO KINCAID AND SCHRAMM:

• Not all communication has to be human communication.

• Communication does not always require two or more participants.

• Communication can take place over large distances of space and time.

• Not all communication takes place in words.

• Not all participants in a communication process have to be present at the same time

• Thinking is a form of communication.

Communication as a process and its four attributes:

• SYSTEMATIC

• DYNAMIC

• MEANING IS PERSONALLY CONSTRUCTED

• SYMBOLIC INTERACTION

Consist of group of elements which interact to influence each other and the system as a whole

SYSTEMATIC

On-going; ever-changing, with no clear beginnings and endings

DYNAMIC

Meanings are in people, not in words.

MEANING IS PERSONALLY CONSTRUCTED

Language is a form of symbol. “The medium shapes the message “

SYMBOLIC INTERACTION

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS

a person who convey idea or information

Source/Sender

a person or group of persons at the other end of the communication process (Berlo, 1961)

Receiver

➢idea, purpose, or intention that has been translated into code or systematic set of symbols (Berlo, 1961)

Message

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS 3 Factors:

• message code

• message content

• message treatment

any group of symbols that can be structured in a way that is meaningful to some person

message code

the material in the message selected by the source to express his/her purpose

message content –

decisions that the communication source makes in selecting and arranging both code and content

message treatment –

➢ The medium through which the message travels is called as channel

Channel/Medium

Channel/Medium is determined by:

• availability

• money

• source preferences

Purposes of Communication:

the outcome of a communication or the response of the receiver to the message of the source.

Effect

obvious or visible; responses include non-verbal cues (nodding of head, signing of a contract).

Overt Effect –

non-observable but sometimes they are the most important.

Covert Effect –

• communication response is feedback to both source and receiver.

• Feedback could take form of non-verbal or verbal cues.

Feedback

Types of Communication

1. Verbal communication

2. Non Verbal communication

communication takes place through face-to-face conversations, group discussions, counseling, interview, radio, television, calls, memos, letters, reports, notes, email etc.

Verbal communication

2 Major Forms of Verbal Communication:

• Written

• Oral

includes traditional pen and paper, letters and documents, typed electronic documents, e-mails, text chats, SMS and anything else conveyed through written symbols such as language

Written Communication

either face-to-face or through phone, voice chat, video conferencing or any other medium

Oral/Spoken Word

messages or information is exchanged or communicated without using any spoken or written word

Non-Verbal communication ➢

Few Steps to Develop your Verbal Communication Skills

1. Use a strong, confident speaking voice

2. . Use Active listening

3. . Avoid filler words

Characteristics of Non-Verbal Communication

non-verbal communication is a communication without words or language.

No Use of Words

non-verbal communication is learnt in childhood, passed on to you by your parents and others with whom you associate

Culturally determined

non-verbal symbols can many meanings. cross-culture aspects give various meanings to same expression in respect of non-verbal communication.

Different Meaning

non-verbal communication is quite vague and imprecise.

Vague and imprecise

non-verbal communication is so deeply rooted, so unconscious, that you can express a verbal message and then directly contradict it with a nonverbal message.

May conflict with verbal messages

non-verbal communication is unconscious in the sense that it is usually not planned nor rehearsed. It comes almost instantaneously

Largely unconscious

facial expressions, gestures, body movements, the way you use your eyes – all communicate your feelings and emotions to others.

Shows feelings and attitudes

Non verbal communication does not follow any rules, formality or structure like other communication.

Informality

LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Intrapersonal–

2. . Interpersonal

3. . Mass Communication

communication with oneself

Intrapersonal

person-to-person communication

Interpersonal

communicating with large groups of people at one time through the use of mass media such as the press, radio, and film

Mass Communication–

Jamias used the following formula to explain the factors that contribute to effective communication:

CLASSIFYING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

1. Technical Problems

2. Semantic Problems

3. Effectiveness Problems

how accurately the message can be transmitted. (e.g. radio static; bad cellular signal.

Technical Problems •

how precisely the meaning is conveyed. (e.g. translating a publication from one language to another.

Semantic Problems •

how effectively does the received message affect behavior. (e.g. editor makes comments for the purpose of making a piece of writing more concise or precise.

Effectiveness Problems •

COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

1. Channel Noise

2. Environmental Factors

3. Semantic Noise

4. Socio-Psychological Barriers

5. Other Barriers

• e.g. static, wrong spelling, letters too small to read, dead air on the radio.

• • these affect the channel, medium, or instrument used in transmitting a message. in turn, they affect the fidelity of the message.

• • fidelity means that the message received is faithful to the one sent.

Channel Noise

• e.g. uncomfortable sitting arrangements, rooms that are too hot, wall paper is too bright, meeting right after lunch.

• • barriers that are present in the environment in which a communication takes place.

• • they are external to the communication process but may create conditions under which communication effectiveness is hampered.

Environmental Factors

• it happens when the message received as sent but the meaning received was different from the meaning sent.

• • occurs when we use, hear, or read words with double meanings.

• • e.g. gay meant happy or joyful

• • language serves as a bridge between peoples and culture, however, it can also serve as a barrier

Semantic Noise

• e.g. emotional blocks, charisma, stereotyping, first impressions, and absent-mindedness

• • Stereotyping – means judging people before you know all the facts about them; believing that they have common characteristics common among members of each group.

Socio-Psychological Barriers

• Ethnocentrism – in viewing a group or culture as superior to all others.

• • e.g. we interpret messages from the context of our experiences. Most of the time it help us respond appropriately to stimuli, however at times, negative experiences makes us dysfunctional (disbelief, rejection, distortion, or misinterpretation).

. Other Barriers

Common Barriers to Effective Communication

• Stress and out-of-control emotion

• Lack of focus

• Inconsistent body language

• Negative body language

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

1. Know your audience

2. Know your purpose

3. . Know your topic

4. Anticipate objections and be prepared to accept them

5. Follow through on what you say

6. Communicate a little at a time

7. Present information in several ways

8. Develop a practical, useful way to get feedback

9. Use multiple communication techniques

The imparting or exchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs

Communication

• A system of moral principles

• Deals with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions

Ethics

The principle governing communication, the right and wrong aspects of it, the moral-immoral dimensions relevant to interpersonal communication are called the ethics of interpersonal communication

Communication Ethics

The principle of honesty on both sides should be completely applied because any amount of insincerity from either the listener or the speaker would not be prudent

Communication Ethics

Fundamentals of Ethical Communication

Threatens the quality of all communication and consequently the well-being of individuals and the society

Unethical Communication

Principles of Ethical Communication

refers to communication with another person

Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication is divided into

• ➢ Dyadic communication

• ➢ Public communication

• ➢ Small-group communication

– is communication between two people or creatures

Dyadic communication

– is a method to share programs, ideas or propaganda to public. To give people new information or knowledge. Message can come from personal, company and government

Public communication –

– when more than 2 persons exchange their information face to face. A group consists of at least 3 members and at a maximum of around 12 to 15 members. - 2 and more than 15 members not considered as small grou

Small Group Communicaton

➢The most frequent basis of our decision making processes, expressing a commitment to the most basic principles.

Deontological Ethics

➢Focuses on the results and whether or not it would benefit the majority

Utilitarian Ethics

➢Concerned with moral character and places more weight or value on the dignity of an individual and a humanity’s task of caring for one another.

Virtue Ethics

There is no absolute approach to situations, each situation should be addressed as different from each other.

Situational or Contextual Ethics

Seven C’s of Effective Communication

1. Completeness

2. Conciseness

3. Consideration

4. Clarity

5. Concreteness

6. Courtesy

7. Correctnes

Three Different Types of Communication

1. Verbal

2. Non Verbal

3. Visual

• entails the use of words in delivering the intended message

2 Major Forms of ___Communication:

1. Written

2. Oral

Verbal

entails communicating by sending and receiving a wordless message

2 Major Forms of ___

• Physical non-verbal communication or body language

• Paralanguage - the way something is said, rather than what is actually said , is an important component of nonverbal communication

Non Verbal

Other forms of nonverbal communication

• Aesthetic communication or creative expressions such as dancing, painting, and the like. ▪

• Appearance or the style of dressing and grooming, which communicates one’s personality. ▪

• Space languages such as paintings and landscapes communicate social status and taste. ▪

• Symbols such as religious, status, or ego-building symbols

____ communication through visual aids such as signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, color and other electronic resources

Visual

A __ is widely used to depict any idea, thought or a concept in a more simpler way through diagrams, pictorial representations etc.

model

According to this model, the speaker plays a key role in communication. He is the one who takes complete charge of the communication

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Aristotle model of communication is the__ to excel in public speaking, seminars, lectures where the sender makes his point clear by designing an impressive content, passing on the message to the second part and they simply respond accordingly

golden rule

• this model of communication takes into account the emotional aspect of the message.

• it operates on the SMCR model.

Berlo’s Model of Communication

Berlo’s Model of Communication

SMCR stand for?

• Source

• message

• channel

• receiver

The __ in other words also called the sender is the one from whom the thought originates.

source

enumerate all the elements under “Source”

• Communication Skills

• Attitude

• Knowledge

• Social System

• Culture

When an individual converts his thoughts into words, a __ is created.

message

The process is also called as __

Encoding.

enumerate all the elements under “Message”

• Content

• Element

• Treatment

• Structure

• Code

All the five senses are the __which help human beings to communicate with each other.

channels

When the message reaches the__, he tries to understand what the listener actually wants to convey and then responds accordingly.

receiver

Criticism of Berlo’s SMCR model of communication:

most popular model of communication and is widely accepted all over the world.

Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

Problems with the Mathematical model of Claude Shannon and Warren Weave

proposed the model of communication in 1954

Wilber Schramm

It can be used to determine how communication between two people works when they’re exchanging information, ideas, or attitudes.

Schramm’s Model of Communication