AP Euro Vocab Unit 7

Elite

Those who were part of the small part of the population who had made money or were more educated than their counterparts.

Carnival

"Farewell to Meat" The way that the peasants and elite celebrated before lent, engaging in dancing, eating, plays, and games. It was their way of celebrating.

Popular Culture

The culture of the masses. What most people in Europe felt or participated in. They were often illiterate, poor, and hungry.

The World Turned Upside Down

Men and women switch clothes, slave gives orders to master, women hold gun while men hold baby, just flipping the social norms. Good fun/resentment for what they were put through.

Domestic System

When people worked in their own homes but were paid by an entrepreneur to make the products which he would then sell for profit.

Mercantilism

The interest of governments portrayed in the economy. Favorable balance of trade. Make as much money as possible for government with government backing.

East India Compaines

The trading companies founded by the Dutch, French, and English that traded with the East Indian islands. They were copied but most other established companies fell.

Plantation Economy

The slave, lord, profitable land, and product economy that was taken up by many people in the Americas. It started by making sugar and then progressed to making cotton.

Duke of Orleans

The cousin of Louis XV who was acting regent for him and who increased the power that the nobles held in France.

The Regency

The time in which someone acts as king in place of the true heir because they are unable to reign. Usually, this was a time when the nobles attempted to gain more power. In the case of Louis XV, the nobles did.

Whigs

Those who controlled the House of Lords. They usually were aristocrats, middle class, business men, and the majority of the Anglican Church. They fought against Stuart rule after Queen Anne.

Tories

The opposing party, that controlled the House of Commons (which had more power). They aided the Stuart kings in their uprisings against the parliament and George I.

Non-Jurors

A group of Anglican Clergy that refused to take oath and made secret underground worship centers. They supported the Stuart uprising.

Queen Anne

The last Stuart to take the British throne. After her reign ended there was a large dispute as to who was take control of the country.

James III

The son of James II, the pretender. He tried to take control of the English throne with a rebellion and invasion in Scotland.

John Law

The man who rose to control the French economy by obtaining land and trading routes for his company, the Mississippi Company. He ended up controlling the French trade and finances.

Mississippi Bubble

A financial scheme led by John Law which ended in financial collapse. It was a series of laws that gave Law complete control of foreign trade and French finances, which caused the debasing of currency and paper money. This was then "broken" and trade and the economy went back to normal.

Jacobites

The followers of James III who assisted him in his rebellion. They were ultimately unsuccessful.

The "Fifteen"

1715- the first of the Stuart invasions of Scotland. James III and his followers (Tories, Non-Jurors, Jacobites) invaded Scotland only to be stopped by the Whigs and having lost support from Tory backing.

The "Forty Five"

1745- The second of the Stuart invasions of Scotland. The young pretender. His attempt was more successful than his father's, lasting longer and with more support, but again there was no support in England for the rebellion and it died.

South Sea Bubble

A speculative mania that ruined many British investors. It was founded around the South Sea Company, and was brought down by the investors and fraud. From this scandal Robert Walpole rose to power.

Cardinal Fleury

The Frenchman who took to parliament and kept peace internally and externally. He didn't initiate programs for France's future, and ultimately sent it on a track for nobility control.

Robert Walpole

The first "prime minister of England". He kept England at peace for a while and tried to keep everything calm internally as well. He helped create the idea of cabinet government, with his most trusted advisors always around him and always agreeing with him.

George I

The German cousin of Queen Anne that became King of England after her death. He was never in England and didn't take care of his country, leading to more parliamentary power and Robert Walpole taking position as the leader.

Bubble Act

The investigations of bubbles in England which required them to be chartered by Parliamentary Act and brought rise to the South Sea company, which was to be brought down by further allegations.

War of Jenkins Ear

The war cause by Captain Jenkins, who convinced the parliament that they needed to go to war with the Spaniards, much to the dismay of Robert Walpole. This war was to take place in the American colonies and it ended Britain's long peace, turning into an international war overseas.

Ostead Company

The Belgian/Austrian company that made six very successful and trips overseas, much to the jealousy of England, who offered their recognition of the Austrian King's daughter's claim to the throne of Austria in return for them to stop shipping.

The Young Pretender

Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart, the son of James III. He and his followers attempted to invade Scotland. They were more successful than James III, but were ultimately fought off by the English, who held no support for the Stuarts.

Fredrick II

The king of Prussia following Fredrick William I. He disregard the Pragmatic Sanction and attacked Austria, gaining Silesia.

Maria Theresa

The leader of Austria who was thought to be incapable but actually proved to be a very successful leader. She fought Fredrick II off and engaged in treaties with France.

Count Kaunitz

The Austrian diplomat that negotiated the alliance with France through the marriage of Marie Antoinette to Louis XVI. In return for French support he promised to encourage the French mission in Belgium.

Pragmatic Sanction

The deal Charles VI made with the rest of the European nations for his daughter to remain on the throne of Austria and for their lands to not be partitioned. This was disregarded by Fredrick II and then the rest of Europe.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

1748. The treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession, at least for the time being. It gave Austria back Belgium, and secured Prussian control of Silesia. Britain and France both also gave up major holdings of each other's that they had obtained overseas.

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

When Count Kaunitz made the alliance with France, bringing the Habsburg family and the Bourbons into alliance for the very first time. It also caused Britain to reexamine their standing in Europe, and they allied with Prussia, completely flipping what had been going on earlier.

William Pitt

The man who was in charge of the British army and navy during the 7 years war. He was a military genius and won them many battles, specifically in North America, abolishing nearly all French holdings there.

Peace of Hubertusburg

The peace treaty that ended the conflict between Austria and Prussia. It kept things as they were before, securing Prussian control of Silesia even further than before. It made their standing as an international power very strong, and kept the French and Austrians from gaining more land.

Treaty of Paris of 1763

This ended the 7 years war between England and France. It gave all French holdings in North America (i.e. Louisiana and Quebec) to the British. It secured the British standing in India and their trading relationship. It gave the British better trading and access to slave shipping. In Europe, it secured Prussian control and left the Austrians at bay. It dissolved the idea of the universal monarchy surrounding France and kept them away from Belgium.

The Battle of Fonterey

When the French took Belgium in a decisive win, only to have it stripped away again by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.

Enclosure movement

Western Europe allowed private farms, that way people were more dedicated to their farms as they didn’t have to share land

Sugar

One of the biggest commodities imported from the americas. Grew on plantations

Silesia

Industrial heart of Germany. Fought over a lot and Prussia ended up taking it.

7 years war

Austria tries to take Silesia. Great Britain and France compete for colonial power in both the Americas and India, Britain wins both