biology test 2

tissue that covers surface, all 3 germ layers

cells in an extracellular matrix (ground substance and protein fibers), mesoderm

tissue for contraction, mesoderm

tissue with electrochemical impulses, ectoderm

outer layer: epidermis of skin, lining of oral cavity, nervous system

middle layer: skeleton, muscles, circulatory system, dermis of skin, reproductive organs

inner layer- inner layer of digestive and respiratory system, major glands (pancreas and liver)

maintained by negative feedback

reverses the original change (temp regulation)

intensifies the original change (childbirth)

heat moves in the form of electromagnetic waves (standing near a campfire and you get hot)

liquid to gas, taking heat with it (sweating)

transfer of heat through liquids or gasses (boiling water)

internal heat generation, metabolic heat (insulation, shivering)

external sources of heat (behavioral mechanisms: basking in the sun or seeking shade)

____ bodies have a higher metabolic rate

supporting cells of neurons

where impulses are recieved

allow cell to receive impulse and pass to cell body

where outgoing electrical impulses are generated, branches to interact with other cells

produce and conduct electrochemical impulses

type of neuroglial cell that forms myelin sheath

insulation, formed by cell membrane of the Schwann cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS

type of axons/dendrites that make white matter

interrupt myelin sheath

produce myelin in the CNS

• carry information from your senses to your brain

  • motor neurons: carry instructions from your brain to your muscles (help you move by transmitting signals that tell your muscles when/how to contract or relax)

• motor neurons that control skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles)

• motor neurons that control involuntary functions in your body (heart rate, digestion, breathing)

• ‘fight or flight’, prepare body to respond, increases heart rate, dilate pupils, slow digestion

‘rest and digest’, relax and recover, constrict pupils, promote digestion, slow HR

The interior of the nerve cell is more negatively charged than the exterior of the cell.

depolarization by influx of sodium ions

• maximum voltage of the action potential. At this point, the sodium inactivation gate closes and the voltage-gated potassium gate opens .

hyperpolarization due to outflux of potassium ions

• open in response to a nerve impulse

• signaling molecules (neurotransmitters) bond to the receptor protein and the ion channels open

• open in response to a nerve impulse

1. touch, hearing, balance

taste, smell, pH

vision

first step, A physical stimulus acts on a receptor.

second step, The energy from the stimulus is converted into graded potentials (electrical energy).

third step, Graded potentials are converted into action potentials, which are conducted to the central nervous system.

fourth step, the brain creates a perception of the electrochemical events

• balance

• hair cells in here are responsible for detecting rotational movement of the head in different planes

• bending of these hair cells generates electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the vestibular nerve, helping you maintain balance and a sense of spatial orientation.

• hearing

• hair cells are responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain

• vibrations from sound waves bends hairs

• light passes through first

• make up the layer that is closest to the cavity of the eye

• second place light passes through in the eye

responsible for color vision and sharpness in bright light

black and white vision in dim light

blind spot in the eye

• hormones released that act only on nearby cells

• cell releases hormones that act on itself

• released by glands that go through the bloodstream (long distance messengers)

deliver messages in the brain and nervous system (cars that drive between nerve cells)

• animals use these to communicate with other animals of the same species 

• glands that release hormones into the bloodstream and travel to specific organs or tissues

glands release substances through ducts (salivary, tear ducts)

• steroid and thyroid hormones

• peptide, protein, most amino acid derivatives

controls anterior pituitary by secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones

• allows hormones produced in the hypothalamus to be quickly transported to the anterior pituitary gland, where they stimulate or inhibit the release of other hormones.

oxytocin and ADH are stored and released here

• produces 7 hormones whose release is controlled by the hypothalamus

• TSH, ACTH, GH

• produces hormones that regulate your metabolism, which is how your body uses energy. These hormones help control things like your heart rate, body temperature, and how fast you burn calories.

• small glands located near the thyroid gland. They produce a hormone that helps regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in your body. This hormone helps keep your bones strong and your muscles working properly.

• the body's stress response system. They produce hormones like adrenaline that help you react to stress and danger. They also produce other hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, and blood pressure.

• It produces enzymes that help digest food in your stomach. It also produces hormones like insulin that help regulate your blood sugar levels. Insulin helps move sugar from your blood into your cells, where it can be used for energy.

key that helps unlock your cells so they can take in sugar (glucose) from the blood.

a messenger that tells your liver to release stored sugar into the blood when your blood sugar levels are low

Mechanical stresses and hormones regulate how osteoblasts produce new bone and osteoclasts dissolve bone continuously.

• More capillaries

• Numerous mitochondria

• High myoglobin

• Sustained action, endurance

• Red fibers

• Fewer capillaries

• Fewer mitochondria

• Less myoglobin

• Rapid generation of power

• White fibers