Honors Bio Cellular Structure and Function Unit 4.5

when a cell takes in an external substance through the cell membrane by creating vesicles (sacks) to “hug” it in

to get rid of macromolecules that are too big for the cell, it releases macromolecules by fusing the vesicle with the plasma membrane

hard to move nutrients into the cell

there is a larger surface area to volume ratio

easy to absorb nutrients and excrete waste

reproduce/clone asexually via cell division

use cell division to grow and develop, and repair and renew cells once fully grown

when a cell grows and copies its DNA in prep for mitosis--90% of the cell cycle happens here

cell growth and protein synthesis

dna replicated

if cell does not pass, cycle stops completely, goes into senescence

growth, protein synthesis, and organelle development

division of nucleus, then division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

if cell does not pass, cycle stops to prepare DNA

cell retirement home, waiting to die

cellular suicide…cell is damaged/gets signal proteins, shrinks, proteins help break down cell components, enzymes break down nucleus, cell parts removed from the body

a cell plate

forms a cell wall, causing the cell to split into two daughter cells

the spread of cancer cells

the cleavage furrow drawing the plasma membrane towards the center, until the cell is eventually split into two daughter cells

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and mitotic spindle starts forming

substance from cell’s nucleus made of proteins and dna…

two sister chromatids make up a chromosome

humans have 46, half from each parent chromatin condenses into chromosomes as the cell enters the mitotic phase

nuclear membrane/envelope disintegrates, sis chromatids line up along metaphase plate with help from spindle fibers

invisible line that separates the two poles in a cell

spindle fibers pull the sis chromatids apart, towards opposite poles. centromeres of the chromatids break apart

genetic material is completely separated, two new nuclear membranes/envelopes are formed around the chromosomes

completion of mitosis, cytoplasm and cell organelles are separated

• too many dividing cells,

• large, dif shaped nuclei

• large nucleas to cytoplasm ratio

• dif shapes and sizes of cells

• loss of norm cell features

• disorganized, jumbled

• poorly defined tumor boundary

tumor can form

prophase

anaphase

metaphase

telophase/cytokinesis

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase/cytokinesis